Adolf Hitler revenge for Germany s defeat in

Adolf Hitler • revenge for Germany’s defeat in WWI & Treaty of Versailles (which punished Germany) • pushing east & taking over • Munich Conference – French & British leaders met with him to discuss “peace in our time” • appeasement =giving in to an aggressor – Hitler – to preserve peace – Hitler promised to not take over any more land

The Fighting Begins • Germany conquers Poland (does not stop) & WWII official starts! • Germany (Hitler) & Russia (Stalin) agree not to fight one another and split Poland in half; Hitler lies • Britain & France vow to defend Poland

Allied Powers • Britain, France, Russia, and later U. S. • declare war on Germany • the Big Three: Churchill (Britain), Stalin (Russia), and later Roosevelt (U. S. )

Axis Powers • Germany, Italy, & Japan • Hitler (Germany), Mussolini (Italy), Emperor Hirohito (Japan), General Tojo (Japan)

Totalitarianism • political system in which govt. controls every aspect of citizens’ lives • denies human rights, and opposition to international law • new form of govt. evolves around WWII – Germany & Italy

U. S. Neutrality • Americans didn’t want to fight in a European war, even though they didn’t like Hitler (isolationism) • Lend Lease Aid – gave financial & weaponry aid to Allied powers • FDR wins 3 rd term & assures neutrality • U. S. pushed for peace in between WWI & WWII by supporting naval disarmament

America Enters the War • The Battle of the Atlantic – German U-boat sank many Allied & U. S. cargo ships hurt U. S. trade • Pearl Harbor – Japan wanted SE Asia (including Hawaii) plan to attack U. S. forces in HI & then dominate Pacific islands • December 7, 1941 – air attack on U. S. troops • kamikazes – crashing piloted planes into Allied ships

Mobilizing for War on the Home Front • economy recovers from Great Depression • Production BOOMS! Building quantities of tanks, liberty ships (carries troops & supplies), jeeps, guns, and ammo • employment & wages increase • a move to the city life • Farmers make money again – they feed the troops & the country • Selective Training & Service Act – draft between 18 & 38 & determents granted • Taxes INCREASE!

The U. S. War Effort – Mobilizing for War Women work in factories to cover men’s jobs – Rosie the Riveter • Women help in military effort – nurses – typists – military communications

Who is stationed here? And where is this?

U. S. War Effort on the Home Front (contd. ) • Minorities – discriminated against but were granted some aid – Fair Employment Practices Committee – prevent discrimination in war effort & govt. jobs – Zoot suit Riots – Mexican Americans killed by U. S. sailors (believed clothing material should be used for war efforts, not personalized rebellious expression) • Japanese American Internment Camps – forced relocation & imprisonment of Japanese Americans – Germans & Italians also but on smaller scale – happened because of fear, racism, and protection (not extermination)

Arizona Contributions & War Effort the • Internment Camps = site to put “bad” civilians & forced to relocate; ex. Japanese Internment = Poston, Papago, & Gila • Ira Hayes – Native American & Arizonan in Iwo Jima (famous picture & statue) • Az air force bases created: Luke, Williams, & Davis-Monthan (open land for training) • Code Talkers – Navajo radio operators – used native language as a spy language

POW Camps • Prisoner of War • camp for enemy combatants captured by the enemy in time of war • treatment should be “adequate” – lodging, food, conditions of labor • camps for both sides (Allied & Axis)

War in North Africa - Egypt • Afrika Korps – the Germans (headed by General Rommel) wanted the area – Why North Africa? • Suez canal – access to trade & a vital Allied supplied route • Middle Eastern Oil • Battle of El Alamein – fight to control Egypt; between the British/Americans & Germans – Germans ran out of supplies (in the desert) – Allies won – Ended German hopes of occupying Egypt & conquering distant lands

General Patton • American tough warfare General = “Old Blood & Guts” • brilliant, but ruthless, military leader during North Africa campaign

Iwo Jima • island located near Japan (Allies wanted for midway base) • Bloodiest history marine battle in American • War in the Pacific & the islands = Battle for the Pacific • Battle of Midway – battle in the air, sinking each other’s aircraft carriers • Guadalcanal – located Pacific • Japan vs. U. S…. U. S. WINS! strategically island in the

Battle of Stalingrad • Germany vs. Soviet Union • the fight for the Soviet Union; Soviets saved their nation • Axis Powers lost • major turning point in the war Hitler’s attempt to conquer the Soviet Union were crushed

D-Day • Battle on the beaches of Normandy in France led by U. S. General Eisenhower; marked the beginning of the end of WWII • June 6, 1944, 150, 000 Allied soldiers swarmed the beaches • Allied warships tried to protect them with gunfire • Heavy resistance by German forts • fight to take France back from Germany

The Battle of the Bulge • the last major German offensive attack in Belgium • 77, 000 U. S. casualties but U. S. prevailed • ended Germany’s ability to wage offensive war

FDR – th 4 term & death • 1932 -1945 = Presidential term • died from brain hemorrhage right before atomic bomb dropping • VP Harry Truman succeeded

the Atomic Bomb • the Manhattan Project – Allied scientists working on a secret program to create bomb; led by Oppenheimer • Japan refused the Allies’ demands for an unconditional surrender = Postdam Conference (ultimatum) • U. S. President Truman used the bomb • Why did Truman do it? to save American lives and shorten the war

the Atomic Bomb (contd. ) • Hiroshima – Enola Gay, B-29 bomber, dropped the bomb on the Japanese city; “Little Boy” – killed between 70, 000 – 80, 000 people in an instant; 140, 000 died over the next few months – 1, 000 s more died because of serious buns and radiation poisoning • Nagasaki – 2 nd bomb dropped; “Fat Man” – killed roughly 40, 000 people in an instant; 80, 000 casualties over the next few months – Japan finally surrendered • Almost a 3 rd bomb was dropped, finally Emperor Hirohito surrendered

The Costs of WWII • approximately 50 million people died (more than ½ civilians) • U. S. economy better than ever (war not fought on American soil = no devastation). But U. S. had to give LOTS of aid! • Devastated countries: China, Poland, the Soviet Union, Germany, Japan, and European nations – food shortages, disease, homelessness, malnutrition – ancient buildings ruined

the Holocaust • Hitler & the Nazis attempt to exterminate the Jews (genocide) • Working camps (Dachau) vs. Death camps (Auschwitz) • gas chambers & furnaces • “Final solution” = 6 million Jews were killed • How is this similar to Darfur in Africa?

The Birth of Israel • creation of a Jewish homeland • UN ordered Palestine be divided into 2 states – one Arab, one Jewish • took Palestinians home… still angry to this day

The War Crimes Trials • Allies will hold these in Nuremberg, Germany… Nuremberg trials • held to try Nazi leaders for crimes against humanity – 21 Nazi leaders found guilty, 12 put to death

Post WWII • GI Bill – Congress passed this law to help the transition from military to civilian life & provide former soldiers an education, loans for houses, farms, & businesses • does NOT guarantee vet they will get their old job back

Post WWII • Yalta Conference – the Big 3 met at Yalta in the Soviet Union to discuss the postwar world – met before Hiroshima • meeting supported: – creation of a world peacekeeping organization (the United Nations) 50 nations met in San Francisco in 1945 & – a democratic governments in Axis controlled nations… • Stalin did not honor agreements (ex. Poland) the Cold War

The Cold War… the beginning • 2 major world powers after WWII: – U. S. – Soviet Union • “Cold War” – the 2 nations’ struggle for global power