ADDING EVENT VARIABLES TO PROPBANK Olga Babko-Malaya Martha

ADDING EVENT VARIABLES TO PROPBANK Olga Babko-Malaya, Martha Palmer, Paul Kingsbury, Nianwen Xue, Shijong Ryu October 30, 2003 DOD site visit

An example Mr. Bush met him privately, in White House, on Thursday. Rel: met Arg 0: Mr. Bush Arg 1: him Arg. M-MNR: privately Arg. M-LOC: in White House Arg. M-TMP: on Thursday e meeting(e) & Arg 0(e, Mr. Bush) & Arg 1(e, he) & MNR(e, privately) & LOC(e, ‘in White House’) & TIME(e, ‘on Thursday’)

Issues • Representation of arguments: davidsonian or neodavidsonian? • How are modifier tags related to events? • Which verbs introduce event variables?

Representation of Arguments • Davidsonian representation: e meeting(e, Mr. Bush, he) & MNR(e, privately) & LOC(e, ‘in White House’) & TIME(e, ‘on Thursday’). • Neodavidsonian representation: e meeting(e) & Arg 0(e, Mr. Bush) & Arg 1(e, he) & MNR(e, privately) & LOC(e, ‘in White House’) & TIME(e, ‘on Thursday’).

Difference: obligatoriness of arguments serve. 01 "act, work": Arg 0: worker Arg 1: job, project Arg 2: employer Each new trading roadblock is likely to be beaten by institutions seeking better ways *trace* to serve their high-volume clients. Arg 0: *trace* -> institutions REL: serve Arg 2: their high-volume clients • Davidsonian representation: e z serve(e, institutions, z, their high-volume clients) • Neodavidsonian representation: e serve(e)&Arg 0(e, institutions)&Arg 2(e, their high-volume clients)

Issues • Representation of arguments: davidsonian or neodavidsonian? • How are modifier tags related to events? • Which verbs introduce event variables?

Modifier Tags • Modifiers which predicate of events: MNR, TMP, LOC, DIR, CAU, PRP • Modifiers which are not predicates of events: ADV, NEG, PRD, DIS, MOD

Modifiers which predicate of events • • • MNR: TMP: LOC: DIR: CAU: PRP: to manage businesses profitably to run the company for 23 years to use the notes on the test to jump up because of … in order to …

Problem 1: Post States • TMP Bertha opened the window for 10 minutes a. e open(e) & Arg 0(e, Bertha) &TMP(e, for 10 minutes) b. e e’ open(e) & Arg 0(e, Bertha) & post(e, e’) & TMP(e’, for 10 minutes)

Problem 2: Conjunction • TMP From 2 to 4, Lucas cleaned the bathroom and washed the dishes. a. e cleaning(e) & Arg 0(e, Lucas) & Arg 1(e, ‘the bathroom’) & TMP(e, ‘from 2 to 4’) & e’ washing(e’) & Arg 0(e’, Lucas) & Arg 1(e’, ‘the dishes’) & TMP(e’, ‘from 2 to 4’) b. e cleaning(e) & Arg 0(e, Lucas) & Arg 1(e, ‘the bathroom’) & e’ washing(e’) & Arg 0(e’, Lucas) & Arg 1(e’, ‘the dishes’) & TMP(e e’, ‘from 2 to 4’)

Problem 3: Negation • TMP For the past five years, unions have not managed to win wage increases e TMP(e, ‘for the past five years’) & e’(e’

Modifiers which do not predicate of events • ADV Once fat and happy, the Cowboys are now loosing games, fans and money. e loosing(e) & Arg 0(e, ‘the Cowboys’) & TMP(e, now) & Arg 1(e, ‘games, fans, and money’) & ADV(‘the Cowboys’, ‘once fat and happy’)

Issues • Representation of arguments: davidsonian or neodavidsonian? • How are modifier tags related to events? • Which verbs introduce event variables?

Events vs States • States: feel, know, want, like. - Stative verbs do not introduce event variables - Stative verbs introduce a different type of variable

Three Approaches to States • John knows the answer - know(John, the answer) e knowing(e) & Arg 0(e, John) & Arg 1(e, ‘the answer’) s knowing(s) & Arg 0(s, John) & Arg 1(s, ‘the answer’)

Stative verbs co-occur with TMP, LOC and MNR • He did not know about most of these cases until Thursday • At the Pompano beach municipal stadium, Mr. Blair knows his power isn’t what it used to be. • It is widely known …

Adding State Variables • But Conner isn’t standing still. e standing(e) & Arg 1(e, Conner) & MNR(e, still) • As matters stand, … s standing(s) & Arg 1(s, matters)

Nombank Markable noun instances < 214, 000 tokens including: 101, 000 verb nominals destruction, knowledge, aggression, anniversary 36, 000 partitives: plenty, variety, dozens, set 15, 000 environment noun instances: circumstance, context, universe, framework 15, 000 relation nouns: accountant, bishop, parent, sibling

Arg. M-ADV • With communism collapsing, our interest lies in … • The television commercial really gets down to business • Treasures are just lying around, waiting to be picked up • Fortunately, the quake was over.