ADAPTED FROM O’BRIEN 2008 HUMAN GROWTH AND EVELOPMENT. Margaret J Meehan EARLY ADULTHOOD 20 – 40 YRS
AGEING Primary ageing – age related changes that reflect the biological aspect of ageing that affect everyone e. g greying hair and deterioration in hearing and vision. Secondary ageing – influenced by environment and lifestyle e. g. lack of exercise, smoking, alcohol and obesity. Margaret J Meehan There are many theories of ageing, but first the distinction needs to be made between primary and secondary ageing.
THEORIES OF AGEING Damaged-based Programmed theories – this approach suggests that aging is not a result of random processes but rather that ageing is predetermined and occurs on a fixed schedule. Margaret J Meehan theories – this approach argues that aging is predominantly a result of interactions with the environment.
SIGNS OF SENESCENCE Some signs of ageing include: An overall decrease in energy. The tendency to become easily tired. Wrinkles and/or brown spots on the skin and loss of skin elasticity. Loss or decrease in vision and hearing. Slower reaction times. Margaret J Meehan Senescence is the deterioration of bodily functions that accompanies ageing in a living organism.
IRISH HEALTH RESEARCH POLICY There are two areas of research that look at the health and well being of the Irish population. Findings. Smoking. Food and Nutrition. Alcohol Exercise. (See Book pg 147) Margaret J Meehan The National Health Promotion Strategy 2000 -2005 Survey of Lifestyle, Attitudes and Nutrition (SLAN).
EARLY ADULTHOOD Physical Development. A second major spurt in the brain occurs at approx 17 years of age and continues until age 21 or 22. Most of the changes occur in the frontal lobe, which is involved in higher reasoning and emotional control. Margaret J Meehan The Ageing Process. According to the ‘ware and tare’ approach in understanding ageing, the body simply wears out over time. Human cells are set to reproduce themselves a fixed or finite number of times, after which they will eventually die.
THE AGEING PROCESS CONT. Changes can occur to the cells, these changes are called free radicals, these can alter and damage the cells. Environmental factors such as pollution and smoking encourage the production of free radicals. Free radical damage accumulates with age. Antioxidants, such as vitamins A and E, found in fruit and vegetables, can neutralise free radicals. This highlights the importance of a healthy diet and lifestyle in maintaining good health and longevity. See pg 149 for SLAN Findings Margaret J Meehan
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT Schaie’s Theory of Cognitive Development. He offers a theory of cognitive development across the lifespan, beginning with ‘acquisition’ and ending towards the end of life with ‘legacy creating’. In the early adulthood the stages are: Acquisition(childhood & adolescence) involves the acquisition of mental structures, information and skills in order to gain an understanding of the world. Achieving (late teens to early twenties). Young Adults use their knowledge to pursue a career, choose a lifestyle, and solve personal dilemmas. Margaret J Meehan
POSTFORMAL THINKING This Adolescence tend to think in a dualistic manner, such as right or wrong. Adults recognise that shades of grey can exist and that each situation or problem is unique. Margaret J Meehan incorporates the ability to recognise that the correct answer to a problem requires reflective thinking and may vary from situation to situation.
FLUID AND CRYSTALISED INTELLIGENCE. Cattel They suggest that general intelligence is not a unitary factor but instead a grouping of approximately a hundred abilities working together. These abilities are separated into two strands that have quite different developmental pathways across the lifespan. Margaret J Meehan & Hall proposed a new understanding of the course of intellectual development across the lifespan.
WHAT IS FLUID INTELLIGENCE? http: //psychology. about. com/od/cognitivepsychology/a/fluid-crystal. htm Margaret J Meehan Fluid intelligence is the ability to think and reason abstractly and solve problems. This ability is considered independent of learning, experience, and education. Examples of the use of fluid intelligence include solving puzzles and coming up with problem solving strategies.
WHAT IS CRYSTALLIZED INTELLIGENCE? http: //psychology. about. com/od/cognitivepsychology/a/fluid-crystal. htm Margaret J Meehan Crystallized Intelligence is learning from past experiences and learning. Situations that require crystallized intelligence include reading comprehension and vocabulary exams. This type of intelligence is based upon facts and rooted in experiences. This type of intelligence becomes stronger as we age and accumulate new knowledge and understanding.
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