Accuracy Precision Precision how close the

Accuracy & Precision • Precision how close the numbers are together. • Accuracy-How close the numbers are to the right number.

Nature of Science • Is unable to prove that a hypothesis is right • Is able to prove a hypothesis is wrong.

Frontier Science (ground breaking) • Produces new ideas which have had less scrutiny.

System • An area where there are interactions either chemical or biological. – Closed systems-no outside variables effect it • Few Extraneous variables • In -vitro- – Open system-exposed to the out side. • Lots of extraneous variables

A mental model • A simplified way of describing interactions. – Tend to use parsimony-the simplest answer is the best – Used to predict events. – Used to predict behavior. • Problems occur when – – too many interactions to few observations Based on assumptions Experimental results are slow to be acquired

Mathematical models • Use equations to predict events. – Ex a=9. 8 m/s 2 – E=MC 2

System models • Sources-where something is stored before it enters the system-ex a battery • Inputs-matter or energy entering the system. • Throughputs-energy or matter flowing through the system. • Outputs-energy or matter flowing from the system. • Sink- stored energy or matter at the end of a system. • Sinks may become sources.

Feed back Loop • Where one change leads to another which effects the first. – Positive-where one change leads to an increase in the system. – Ex humans • more births=more people=more births. • Industrialization • Green house effect

Negative Feedback • Where an increase in the system causes a decrease in the system. – EX hunger=eating=less hunger

Energy

• Heat can be transferred by convection, conduction, or radiation. • Temperature reflects the average speed of motion of atoms, ions, and molecules in a given sample of matter

Convection • The energy transfer caused by the movement of particles. – Heat rises – Ex the smoke from a chimney

Conduction • The heat generated between a liquid or solid substances when in contact. – Ex licking a flagpole in winter – Energy given off to the ground – or the heat given off from your inside walls to your outside walls. –

radiation • Fast-moving particles (particulate radiation) or waves of energy – Occurs in air – We are radiating this room with heat and radiation

• Energy quality is a measure of the ability of a source of energy to do useful work.

• High–quality energy is much more concentrated and efficient than low–quality energy.

• Two major types of energy are potential energy and kinetic energy.

• One form of energy can be changed to another. • Ionizing radiation and nonionizing radiation are forms of electromagnetic radiation – Ionizing radiation has enough energy to turn neutral atoms into ions.

Energy Efficiency • A measure of the amount of energy that is actually used. – Not wasted – Living organisms are less than 10% efficient – Machines are around 15% efficient.

2 nd law of Thermo • Entropy • Energy goes from high quality to low-less usable

Energy Pathways • Transfer of energy from source to another – Each step energy decreases – The type of energy changes – Ex – sun -----growing tree------We eat the apples----plant a new tree • Solar energy-Chemical energy- Chemicalenergy – Waste Mechanical Waste

Low throughput economy • Low waste • Recycling energy • Reduce energy use – Insulate houses – More efficient cars – Using low waste heating sources

The Natural Cycle • 34% of sunlight is reflected into space by the ozone • 66% is radiated back as heat • Less then. 23% is used for photosynthesis • .

Ecology • The study of where organisms live and how they live • Interactions between animals. • Trophic levels-

Predator Prey • Producers– -Autotrophs – Most common – Generally green-chloroplasts' • Photosynthesizers – 90% of all life – Bio mass-90%

1 st order Consumers • Heterotrophic – Eat others • • 9 % of all life Consume only producers Herbivores 90% of energy from plants is wasted

2 nd order Consumers • Eat 1 st order consumers • Less than 1% of all consumers are 2 nd order. • Predators /Carnivores /Parasites • 90% of the energy in the 1 s order consumers is wasted. • Only 1% of the energy from plants is received.

Higher Order Consumers • Are not common above 3 rd order consumers. • Requires a whole lot of energy along the way. • Most Ecosystems don’t have enough energy to sustain them.

• In reality, most ecosystem have organisms that exist at multiple different trophic levels.

Decomposers • Recycle energy • Very common • Make environments more efficient. – A type of decomposer is a scavanger

Limiting factors • The nutrient or other factor which limits growth. – Ex. Trees – In primary producers. • • • Sunlight Phosphate Nitrogen Carbon* Iron-LC P. H. Water. Temperature Human impact

Law of Tolerance • The existence and abundance of a species is controlled by the amount of its resources and nutrients. • Optimal range. -where organisms may exist in the most abundance – Where the environment is most likely to support that species

Threshold effect • A change in an environment decreasing the range of optimal existence. – Decreasing habitat – Temperature – Invasive species • Species not native-out compete for resources • has fewer predators. – Over use of minerals – Over supply of nutrients. • eutrification

Carbon cycle

Nitrogen Cycle

Phosphorous cycle

Water cycle

Interactions • Niche –where/what/how -an organism lives, • Competition

Ecotone. • Where 2 habitats conjoin. – More limiting factors– Not a region of optimal life

Edge Effect • More different species in an ecotone • Greater number of species • Higher population density.

List 10 ways to create ecotones in your neighbor hoods.