Accelerating solutions for highway safety, renewal, reliability, and capacity SHRP 2 MIT, April 24, 2009
SHRP 2 • Authorized in 2005 highway legislation • $170 million, 7 years • Administered by Transportation Research Board/NAS • Memorandum of Understanding with Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)
Why a “Strategic” Highway Research Program? • Focus on high priority issues in a concentrated time frame (2006 -2012). • Address needs not easily covered in ongoing programs because of the structure, focus, or sponsorship of other research programs – Cut across organizational missions – Involve multiple disciplines – Involve diverse stakeholders • (not necessarily “basic”)
Stakeholder Governance • Oversight Committee Strategic program, budget, contract award decisions • Technical Coordinating Committees Focus area program guidance • Expert Task Groups RFP development, proposal review, project -level technical guidance
Contractors Total Primes Unique Contract Primes Funding University 20 15 25% Private 29 22 75% Total 49 37
FOUR FOCUS AREAS Safety Safe Highways Capacity Better Transport Decisions Great Customer Service Reliable Travel Time Reliability Rapid Renewal and Lasting Facilities Renewal
Safety Make a Significant Improvement in Highway Safety • Goal: to prevent or reduce the severity of highway crashes by understanding driver behavior • $48. 2 million • Naturalistic driving (instrumented vehicle) study (10 projects)
Strategic Focus on Driver • Many safety improvements have been made in the areas of vehicle & roadside design • Human behavior: factor in 95% of crashes; primary factor in 67% • Impact of social changes: aging, new drivers, in-vehicle technologies • Technology now enables study of behavior by instrumenting vehicles
Renewal Accelerate the Renewal of America’s Highways • Goal: to renew aging infrastructure through rapid design and construction methods that minimize disruption and produce long-lasting facilities. • $32. 11 million • 28 projects
Example Renewal Topics • Improved utility location • High speed non-destructive testing • Bridges: >100 year bridges, innovative technology • Pavements: modular, composite, inplace • Advancing geo-technical solutions • Performance based specs • Managing contract risk • Working with utilities & railroads
Reliability Provide a Highway System with Reliable Travel Times • Goal: to provide more reliable travel times by preventing and reducing the impact of non-recurring incidents • $20. 35 million • 19 projects
Example Reliability Topics • Transforming institutions for operations • Quantifying improvement strategies • Highway design cost-effectiveness • Monitoring & performance measures • Incident response training • Incorporating reliability in standard design manuals
Capacity Provide Highway Capacity in Support of the Nation’s Economic, Environmental, and Social Goals • Goal: to integrate mobility, economic, environmental, and community needs into the planning and design of new highway capacity. • $21. 5 million • 20 projects
Example Capacity Topics • • • Collaborative decision making framework Performance measurement framework Better economic analysis tools Effect of pricing on demand Effects of operations, technology, and design on effective capacity • Integration of conservation, community visions, freight, & green house gas considerations • Integrated, advanced travel demand model
SHRP 2 Naturalistic Driving Study (NDS)
Naturalistic Driving Studies • Object is to observe driving behavior that is as close to “normal” as possible • No experimental controls or interventions, as with simulator or in-vehicle tests conducted by investigator
NDS: Some Background • Virginia Tech “ 100 car study”— continuous data collection, intended to be pilot for a larger USDOT study • Iowa teen study—event triggered data • Field Operational Tests (FOTs)— testing specific technologies and algorithms
SHRP 2 NDS • Instrument 2100 vehicles in 4 -8 sites across the US: – Sensors: vehicle, radar, alcohol – Cameras: 5 views • Driver testing (psychological, medical questionnaire, etc. ) • Roadway/roadside data • Detailed crash investigations
SHRP 2 Plans, cont. • Develop or improve machine vision: – – Driver ID Head tracking Lane tracking Traffic signal state • Develop analytical methods • Answer high-priority safety questions • Make data available for continued analysis after SHRP 2
Why a Naturalistic Driving Study? • Collect more and better data: • • Objective pre-crash data More accurate crash data Near crash/incident data “Exposure” (ordinary driving) data • Determine relative crash risk for different factors • Develop crash surrogates
NDS Projects Timeline
Candidate NDS Data Collection Sites WA MT ND VT MN ME OR ID WI SD MA WY IA NV NE PA IN UT CA OH IL CO KS WV VA MO KY NC AZ TN NM AR SC MS TX AL NH NY MI GA LA FL RI CT NJ DE MD DC
Use of NDS Data: Examples • Driver attention (time looking away from road, secondary activities): – law banning hand-held devices by teen drivers • Drowsiness (effect on sleep quality, driving safety of team or single driving) – Policies, regulations on long-haul driving • Evaluation of crash warning algorithms
More Examples • Teen driving studies: – Feedback to teens and parents improved teen driving behavior • Compare roadway design treatments (new safety application) • Modeling driver behavior, vehicle performance for non-safety use: Planning studies, highway operations, fuel efficiency, environmental effects
Special Issues • Human subjects research requires Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval: SHRP 2 will have up to 9 IRBs • Certification of Confidentiality (NIH) • Border crossings (and other places where cameras are prohibited)
Special Issues • Protection of identifying data (video, GPS): physical requirements and qualifications for researchers to gain access • Size of database ~ 1 petabyte: how to manage, manipulate; reduced data sets; machine vision applications • Data access …
Database Access • Currently establishing a database access committee • Must adhere to conditions of consent form signed by drivers • IRB review for each use (? ) • Envision “levels of security” depending on sensitivity/privacy of data • Proposed to US Congress to provide funding for upkeep, training, analyses
For more information SHRP 2: www. trb. org/shrp 2 SHRP Implementation Report: http: //onlinepubs. trb. org/Onlinepubs/sr/sr 2 96. pdf
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