Abridged Harvard (NWU) Bibliographic style Natural Sciences Library Anriëtte Pretorius
An abridged version of “Quoting sources”, the guide to the Harvard bibliographic style, adapted for the NWU: Potchefstroom Campus. (Van der Walt, 2006. ) Please consult the complete guide for more hints and examples to conference proceedings; encyclopedias; dictionaries; government publications; patents; newspaper reports; etc. VAN DER WALT, E. 2006. Quoting sources. Potchefstroom: NWUPotchefstroom. 79 p. http: //www. nwu. ac. za/library/documents/verwysings. pdf
CONTENTS Useful hints Typing hints Purpose of references and source lists Which style? Books (Monographs) Books – Date of publication, Title, Edition Books – Place of publication Books – Publisher, Number of pages Chapter in collected work Theses & Dissertations Secondary sources Journal articles Government publications – Departments Government publications – Laws (Acts) Electronic sources Electronic bibliographic databases: abstracts of journal articles Electronic bibliographic databases: journal articles Electronic full text databases: e-books Electronic full text databases: government publications Internet documents Electronic journals on the Internet Electronic books on the Internet
Useful hints: The language of the source is used in the source list and not the language of thesis or report. If the publication is available in both Afrikaans and English use the language of the source. A warning is given in the MLA style manual (Gibaldi, 1999: 151) regarding quoting sources and plagiarism: Scholarly authors generously acknowledge their debts to predecessors by carefully giving credit to each source. Whenever you draw on another’s work, you must specify what you borrowed – whether facts, opinions, or quotations – and where you borrowed it from. Using another person’s ideas or expressions in your writing without acknowledging the source constitutes plagiarism Your source list consists of one alphabetical list (arranged alphabetically according to the authors' surnames) of all the books, journals, newspaper reports and other material which you used. Do not number references. Arrange the sources by the same author as follows: a. chronologically (from old to new) b. first works by one author c. then works involving a co-author (Jones & Smith), eg. JONES, S. 1989. Handbook for parents. New York: Wiley. 213 p. JONES, S. 1990. Adolescence. New York: Wiley. 305 p. JONES, S. & SMITH, J. 1995. The teenager. New York: Mc. Graw-Hill. 92 p. JONES, S. , FAURE, M. & SMITH, J. 1993. Drug abuse and teenagers. London: Wiley. 52 p. In the case of two or more sources from the same author in the same year, use an a , b or c after the year Text: According to Smith (1996 a: 46), the information on the Internet. . . In the Source list you also have to mark the references as a and b or c: SMITH, H. 1996 a. Evaluation of information on the Internet. Journal for computer science, 2(4): 14 -18, Apr. SMITH, H. 1996 b. Introduction to the Internet. Cape Town: Tafelberg. 215 p.
Typing hints • Use capital letters for the author's surname and initials to make it more visible. For the reader it improves easy movement between the text and the source list. • Leave at least one line open between references - this also improves readability. • Do not justify the source list - it often stretches the text awkwardly. • Note the spaces in the following examples - leave two spaces between "elements" such as between the author, year, title, etc. Spaces are indicated with an asterisk ( * = one space) Book: Text: Jones*(1998: 12)*noted. . . Book Source list JONES, *S. J. , *SMITH, *L. *&*GREEN, *D. **1998. **Psychology: *an *introduction. **2 nd*ed. **London: *Wiley. **209*p. Journal in Source list: RABBI, *J. **1995. **Drinking*among*college*students. **Journal*of* alcohol*and*drug*education, *40(3): 52 -64, *Oct.
Purpose of references and source lists Why should you give recognition to sources which you use for an assignment? What is the purpose or function of references in scientific documents? 1. References give recognition to the original author from whom the facts are taken. 2. The author provides proof of where he got his information - and shows whether he has consulted the most authoritative sources in the field. 3. The references to sources can confirm the completeness of the study. 4. References to recognised sources lend authority to the writer’s views. 5. References render proof to the reader about the provenance of the author’s thoughts/ideas. 6. A source list provides information to the readers so that in turn they can consult the sources and so verify whether the sources have been correctly quoted/interpreted. 7. The source list serves as an additional source list about the topic - if the reader wishes to consult more sources about the topic. It is therefore clear that the information in the source list should be complete enough to allow anyone to find the sources again.
Which style? In scientific writings the reader will find a wide variety of bibliographical styles. The style which is used in this guide, is the so-called Harvard method. The Harvard style consists of a short reference in the text which is supplemented by a full reference in the source list or bibliography. TEXT In the text of your report, acknowledge each author from whom you obtained information. Just a BRIEF reference which refers to a full source list reference. Format: ONLY the author's SURNAME, date (YEAR) as well as the PAGE (on which the information appears) should be given in the text. Example: This view is rejected by Roberts (1972: 10) because. . . The reference can also be given at the end of the sentence. Note the punctuation. Men between 20 and 29 show a strong inclination to suicide (Kreitman, 1977: 118). SOURCE LIST Format: AUTHOR. Year of publication. Title and subtitle. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher. Pages. Example: FERNER, J. D. 1995. Successful time management: a self-teaching guide. 2 nd ed. New York: Wiley. 270 p.
BOOKS A typical example of a source list reference for a book FERNER, J. D. 1995. Successful time management: a self-teaching guide. 2 nd ed. New York: Wiley. 270 p. One author Text: "It was anciently believed that a baby born with teeth already formed would 'bite the world' and was made for villainy. " (Smith, 1977: 70. ) OR (note the difference in punctuation) An ancient superstition was that when a baby was born with teeth, it would become a villain (Smith, 1977: 70). Source list: SMITH, L. 1977. Crime and punishment. London: Batsford. 97 p. Two authors Text: Gardner and Shelton (1967: 40) refer to the problem of communication with paralysed patients … OR All procedures must be explained to the patient (Gardner & Shelton, 1967: 74). Source list: GARDNER, E. K. & SHELTON, B. 1967. The intensive therapy unit and the nurse. London: Faber and Faber. 162 p. Note the difference between the two examples in the TEXT: the &-sign is used in the brackets but in the full sentence the word and is used. Three authors or more When there are three or more authors or editors and their contributions cannot be distinguished, the abbreviation et al. is used in the text (and underlined OR typed in italics). The abbreviation refers to et alii - a full stop is thus not placed after et. All the co-workers are mentioned in the source list. Text: According to Meyer et al. (1973: 74) photosynthesis is. . . Source list: MEYER, B. S. , ANDERSON, D. P. , BOHNING, R. H. & FRATANNA, D. G. 1973. Introduction to plant physiology. New York: Van Nostrand. 565 p.
BOOKS - Publication date, Title, Edition Date of Publication: This is the date of the edition as it appears in the publication, usually on the reverse side of the title page. Only the most recent date must be furnished. Title: The complete title is furnished as it appears on the title page of the publication. Only the first letter of the first word or names of persons, places or institutions and German nouns start with capital letters. Titles of books are not underlined. A sub-title is separated by a colon: Source list: MORRIS, C. 1988. Psychology: an introduction. New York: Wiley. 299 p. Edition: The first edition is not mentioned; nor the subsequent reprints or impressions. Statements about editions can be abbreviated as follows (note punctuation): 2 nd ed. (English) 3 rd ed. 4 th ed. 2 de dr. /uitg. (Afrikaans) 2. Aufl. (German) Source list: JOHNSON, R. C. & MEDINNUS, G. R. 1974. Child psychology: behavior and development. 3 rd ed. New York: Wiley. 562 p.
BOOKS – Place of publication Give the place of publication in the language of the source. Only mention the place (city) NOT only the country or the state. The name of a state in the United States of America may be used in abbreviated form after the city e. g. Boston, Mass. for Massachusetts - if stated on the title page of the book. Eg. JONES, S. 1990. Sociology. Boston, Mass. : Houghton Mifflin. 250 p. Note the two ways to abbreviate states: the “traditional” way e. g. Calif. for California, and the two letter abbreviation CA (postal code). Select one format and keep to it consistently. Alabama. . . . Ala. /AL Montana………………. Mont/MT. Alaska. . . . . Ak. /AK Nebraska. . . . . Nebr. /NE Arizona. . . . . Ariz. /AZ Nevada. . . Nev. /NV Arkansas. . . . Ark. /AR New Hampshire. . . . N. H. /NH California. . . . Calif. /CA New Jersey. . . . . N. J. /NJ Colorado. . . . Colo. /CO New Mexico. . . . . N. Mex. /NM Connecticut. . . . Conn. /CT New York. . . . . N. Y. /NY Delaware. . . . Del. /DE North Carolina. . . . N. C. /NC Distr. of Columbia. . . . . C. /DC North Dakota. . . . . N. D. /ND Florida. . . . . Fla. /FL Ohio. . . Oh. /OH Georgia. . . . . Ga. /GA Oklahoma. . . . . Okla. /OK Hawaii. . . . . Hi. /HI Oregon. . . Oreg. /OR Idaho. . . . . Id. /ID Pennsylvania. . . . . Pa. /PA Illinois. . . . . Ill. /IL Rhode Island. . . . . R. I. /RI Indiana. . . . . Ind. /IN South Carolina. . . . S. C. /SC Iowa. . . . . Ia. /IA South Dakota. . . . . S. D. /SD Kansas. . . . . Kans. /KS Tennessee. . . . . Tenn. /TN Kentucky. . . . Ky. /KY Texas. . . Tex. /TX Louisiana. . . . La. /LA Utah. . . Ut. /UT Maine. . . . . Me. /ME Vermont. . . Vt. /VT Maryland. . . . Md. /MD Virginia. . . Va. /VA Massachusetts. . . Mass. /MA Washington. . . . . Wash. /WA Michigan. . . . Mich. /MI West Virginia. . . . . W. Va. /WV Minnesota. . . . Minn. /MN Wisconsin. . . . . Wis. /WI Mississippi. . . . Miss. /MS Wyoming. . . . . …Wyo. /WY Missouri. . . . Mo. /MO
BOOKS - Publisher; Number of pages Publisher: • A colon, with a space, separates the place of publication and publisher, for example: New York: Wiley. • If the author and publisher are one and the same person or institution, the name of the publisher is omitted (see the section: An institution as author). • If no publisher is mentioned, the abbreviation s. n. (sine nomine) may be used. • Initials are usually omitted, for example, J. L. Van Schaik becomes Van Schaik. • Words which are unnecessary for identification purposes may be omitted, for example and Co. , and Sons. , eg Butterworth-Heineman (for Butterworth-Heineman Ltd. ) Houghton Mifflin (for Houghton Mifflin Co) Irwin (for Richard D. Irwin) Mc. Graw-Hill (for Mc. Graw-Hill Book Company) Penguin (for Penguin Books Ltd) Sage (for Sage Publications) Wiley (for John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ) Wilson (for H. W. Wilson Company) Number of pages: The reference gives fuller information and creates a better impression if the total number of pages are indicated. It must then be done consistently for every book in the source list. Insert a space between the numbers and the p. Source list: GARDNER, E. K. & SHELTON, B. 1967. The intensive therapy unit and the nurse. London: Faber and Faber. 162 p.
Chapter in a collected work (usually books with an editor) A collected work comprises a number of chapters, each written by a different author. An editor “collects and compiles” the different chapters, and put them together in a book, called a collected work. When a chapter in this type of collected work is quoted, the author of the chapter must be used as the author of the quoted "source" - followed by the date of the collected work, the title of the chapter and the "In reference". Text: "Generally speaking, dedicated gymnasts are an interesting, if not odd lot of highly involved, somewhat self-centered, and at times, masochistic individuals, who would be a psychiatrist's delight!" (Massimo, 1970: 31. ) Source list: MASSIMO, J. L. 1970. Psychology and the gymnast. (In George, G. , ed. The magic of gymnasts. Santa Monica, Calif. : Sundby Publications. p. 31 -33. ) MASSIMO = the author of the CHAPTER. Psychology and the gymnast = die title of the CHAPTER. GEORGE = the EDITOR of the collection/book. The magic of gymnasts = the title of the BOOK. p. 31 -33 = the pages of the CHAPTER. • The pages of the CHAPTER must be supplied. • The abbreviations ed. (eds. ) are used for an editor or compiler, depending on the language of the source. • Ed. or eds. is preceded by a comma and is either underlined OR typed in italics.
Theses & Dissertations Text: Du Plessis (1986: 5) researched the. . . Source list: DU PLESSIS, J. 1986. Stability of emulsions in parenthetical nutritional mixtures. Johannesburg: RAU. (Dissertation - M. Sc. ) 150 p. Use the terms Mini-Dissertation, Thesis, Dissertation, et cetera as they are mentioned in the publication. • The following abbreviations may be used: M. A. or MA, LL. M. or LLM, D. B. A. or DBA, M. Sc. or MSc, D. Phil. or DPhil. According to the 2002 edition of the Afrikaanse woordelys en spelreëls full-stops are optional in abbreviations referring to degrees. • According to the Afrikaanse woordelys en spelreëls, recognised abbreviations of South African universities, for example PU vir CHO, RAU and UPE can be typed with or without full-stops.
Secondary sources In scientific literature study there is a clear distinction between primary and secondary sources. Primary sources are sources which provide original information about a topic, while secondary sources provide second hand information. In scientific reports it is recommended to use primary sources and as few secondary sources as possible. For example: An author wants to write about Freud’s view of psychoanalysis. Instead of reading Freud’s own writings, he uses the works of other authors, such as Smith, Jones and White, who have also written about Freud’s view of psychoanalysis. These books are then secondary sources. Text: Butterfield (as quoted by Johnson, 1974: 133) found. . . Source list: JOHNSON, R. C. 1974. Child psychology: behavior and development. 3 rd ed. New York: Wiley. 562 p.
Journal articles The following bibliographical information is required in respect of journal articles: author(s), publication date, title of the article, name of the journal in which the article was published, the volume, the number of the volume, the pages of the volume in which the article appears, and the day, month or indication of the semester of the relevant journal. Source list: RABBI, J. 1995. Drinking among college students. Journal of alcohol and drug education, 40(3): 52 -64, May. • In the case of a day and month, it is accounted for as follows: WALKER, J. A. S. 1995. The origins of the Cold War in United States history textbooks. Journal of American history, 54(10): 7 -11, 12 Oct. • Only the title of the journal is underlined or typed in italics. • The month can be abbreviated according to acknowledged abbreviations and must appear in the language of the journal. Abbreviations for months: Jan. – Januarie/January Jun. – Junie/June Okt. - Oktober Feb. – Februarie/February Jul. – Julie/July Oct. - October Mrt. – Maart Aug. – Augustus/August Nov. - November Mar. – March Sep. – September Des. – Desember Apr. – April Dec. – December Mei / May Title of the journal Do not use abbreviations as this can be confusing. Only the first letter of the first word and names as well as German nouns are typed in capitals. Underline the name of the journal OR type it in italics. Journal of industrial psychology / Journal of industrial psychology Journal of the American Psychological Society / Journal of the American Psychological Society (capital letters for the name of the society) Journal of Australian history / Journal of Australian history
Government publications: Departments Text: The production of the platinum group of metals remained unchanged (Department of Mineral and Energy Affairs, 1995: 14). Source list: DEPARTMENT of Mineral and Energy Affairs see SOUTH AFRICA. Department of Mineral and Energy Affairs. SOUTH AFRICA. Department of Mineral and Energy Affairs. 1995. Annual report. Pretoria: Government Printer. 64 p. When annual reports are used for a number of successive years, they can be dealt with as one item in the source list: SOUTH AFRICA. Department of Agricultural Technical Services. 1974 - 1977. Annual Reports. Pretoria: Government Printer. 1 July 1974 - 30 June 1975 (RP 43/1976); 1 July 1975 - 30 June 1976 (RP 48/1977); 1 July 1976 - 30 June 1977 (RP 42/1978).
Government publications: Laws If reference is made to several laws, use can be made of one "see" reference in the source list (as shown in the following example), and then the full particulars are furnished at "South Africa. . . “ Text: The Atomic Corporation was established in terms of the Atomic Energy Act (92/1982). Source list: ACTS see SOUTH AFRICA. LAWS see SOUTH AFRICA. 1982. Atomic Energy Act 92 of 1982. Pretoria: Government Printer.
Electronic sources • Try to integrate references to this type of information into the framework of the recommended Harvard style. This applies specifically to the use of an author (person or institution) because it simplifies referencing in the text. • One of the functions of a source list is to furnish the reader with the full bibliographical detail of the sources used by the researcher. It is therefore essential to present sufficient accurate information to trace the sources. That is the reason why both the SOURCE and the “ADDRESS” is essential. • The language of the source is used when indicating the date when the information was accessed along with the name of the database or address of the source.
Electronic bibliographic databases: abstracts of journal articles Databases of this kind REFER to sources like journal articles or other material. Some databases contain summaries (abstracts) of journal articles, research reports, theses etc. These summaries may contain useful reviews. In most cases it is acceptable to use this type of information in scientific documents, on condition that the false impression that the original source had been consulted, is not created. It remains secondary information, however, and if possible, the original source must be obtained. Students must get permission from their lecturer, supervisor or promoter to use this type of information. Format: AUTHOR. Year. Title. Other relevant information (for example the title and other detail of a journal). Abstract/reference in: sufficient information to find it in the database. Text: The most recent research on. . . (Charleston, 1993). Source list: CHARLESTON, H. 1993. Fibre can prevent arterial disease. Journal of dietary science, 19(3): 56 -69, Jul. Abstract in MEDLINE.
Electronic full text databases: journal articles If the article is in HTML-format it differs from the print version because the page numbers are not indicated and can therefore not be quoted in the text or the source list. You will need to add the date you accessed the document as well as the source from which it was retrieved. EBSCOHost Web is a database provider. Do not quote the provider as the source from which you retrieved the article, but the database itself, eg. Academic Search Premier / Medline… ► Quote full text articles in HTML-format from a Web database provided by EBSCOHost Web as follows: Source list: BONN, D. 1991. New Zealand: who's for cricket? Lancet, 333(8754): 1402, 6 Aug. Available: Academic Search Premier. Date of access: 3 Jul. 2000. ► When the article is in PDF-format the page numbers are available and must be quoted in the text and the source list. The article does not differ from the print version, therefore you need not indicate the date of access. Quote full text articles in PDF-format from a Web database, eg. Science. Direct or SAe. Publications, as follows: Source list: KALTMAN, S. & BONANNO, G. A. 2003. Trauma and bereavement: examining the impact of sudden and violent deaths. Journal of anxiety disorders, 17(2): 131 -147. Available: Science. Direct.
Electronic full text databases: e-books No address is needed, the name of the database is sufficient. If the electronic version does not differ from the print version, you need not indicate the date of access, but if it does the date of access must be quoted. Source list: ROBERTSON, J. , ROSS, A. M. & BURGOYNE, L. A. 2002. DNA in forensic science: theory, techniques and applications. New York: Routledge. Available: Net. Library. When the paging is omitted in the electronic version : Source list: TOTIUS. 1915. Trekkerswee. Met tekeninge van J. H. Pierneef. Kaapstad: Tafelberg. Beskikbaar: Project Gutenberg. Date of access: 18 Nov. 2005.
Electronic full text databases: government publications No address is needed, the name of the database (eg Science. Direct / Scopus / Masterfile / ISI Web of Knowledge…) is sufficient. If the electronic version does not differ from the print version, you need not indicate the date of access, but if it does the date of access must be quoted. Source list: SOUTH AFRICA. 2004. Income Tax Act 58 of 1962. Available: Butterworths Lexis. Nexis. When page numbers are not available: Source list: SOUTH AFRICA. 2005. Draft discussion document on agricultural biotechnology. (Notice no. 1591 of 2005. ) Government gazette, 27936: 26 Aug. Available: Sabinet Online. Government Gazette. Date of access: 24 Nov. 2005.
Internet (World Wide Web): documents Format: AUTHOR. Year - when information was created or revised. Title. Address/ URL Date of access. Text: In his inaugural speech Mandela (1994) used the following famous words: “Let there be justice for all. Let there be peace for all. ” Source list: MANDELA, N. 1994. Statement of the president of the ANC, Nelson Mandela, at his inauguration as president of the Republic of South Africa, Union Buildings, Pretoria, May 10 1994. http: //www. anc. org. za: 80/ancdocs/speeches/inaugta. html Date of access: 10 Oct. 1996. Text: When searching on the Internet, be on the lookout for the British or American spelling of words like labour or labor (Open Text Corporation, 1997). Source list: OPEN TEXT CORPORATION. 1997. Hints for better results. http: //index. opentext. net/main/tips. html Date of access: 2 Dec. 1998.
Internet: electronic journals If the article is not retrieved from an electronic database (eg. Science. Direct) but on the Internet, give the reference just as in the case of referring to a printed journal PLUS an indication that it is an electronic journal, by providing the URL or address and date of access. The date of access is of importance because the document can be moved or deleted. Format: AUTHOR. Year of publication of article. Heading of the article. Title of the journal, volume (number): pages. URL Date of access. Source list: NUNES, J. M. B. & FOWELL, S. P. 1996. Hypermedia as an experiential learning tool: a theoretical model. Information research, 2(1). http: //www. shef. ac. uk/~is/lecturer/ircont. html Date of access: 14 Oct. 1998. Do not use any punctuation after the address - it may be confusing. Put a full stop after the date to end the reference.
Internet: e-books Provide the URL or Address and the date of access. Source list: FREUD, S. 1999. Interpretation of dreams. 3 rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. http: //www/psychwww. com/books/interp/toc. htm Date of access: 6 Sep. 2005. E-Thesis: DLOMO, S. A. 2005. Turnover among mathematics and physical science educators in the Vaal Triangle. Potchefstroom: NWU. Vaal Triangle Campus. (Thesis – M. Ed. ) http: //fpb-1 nx 1. puk. ac. za/search Date of access: 21 Nov. 2005.
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