About OMICS Group International is an amalgamation of

About OMICS Group International is an amalgamation of Open Access publications and worldwide international science conferences and events. Established in the year 2007 with the sole aim of making the information on Sciences and technology ‘Open Access’, OMICS Group publishes 400 online open access scholarly journals in all aspects of Science, Engineering, Management and Technology journals. OMICS Group has been instrumental in taking the knowledge on Science & technology to the doorsteps of ordinary men and women. Research Scholars, Students, Libraries, Educational Institutions, Research centers and the industry are main stakeholders that benefitted greatly from this knowledge dissemination. OMICS Group also organizes 300 International conferences annually across the globe, where knowledge transfer takes place through debates, round table discussions, poster presentations, workshops, symposia and exhibitions.

About OMICS Group Conferences OMICS Group International is a pioneer and leading science event organizer, which publishes around 400 open access journals and conducts over 300 Medical, Clinical, Engineering, Life Sciences, Pharma scientific conferences all over the globe annually with the support of more than 1000 scientific associations and 30, 000 editorial board members and 3. 5 million followers to its credit. OMICS Group has organized 500 conferences, workshops and national symposiums across the major cities including San Francisco, Las Vegas, San Antonio, Omaha, Orlando, Raleigh, Santa Clara, Chicago, Philadelphia, Baltimore, United Kingdom, Valencia, Dubai, Beijing, Hyderabad, Bengaluru and Mumbai.

Biometrics for Intelligence - Led Policing Tom Baker October 20, 2014 Biometrics & Biostatistics Conference Baltimore, Maryland Baker Associates International Consultants

This Could Be A Gang Anywhere

Biometrics From the Greek – Bio (life) & metric or metry (to measure)

Chaotic Morphogenesis From the Greek – Chaotic (disorder/confusion) Morpho (form/shape) & Genesis (origin)

Verification or Identification Verification (1: 1) one-to-one Identification (1: N) one-to-many

Fingerprints – the oldest biometric n n n 6000 BC – by Assyrians, Babylonians, Japanese, Chinese 1858 – by English in India, Sir William Herschel 1890 s – Alphonse Bertillon, Paris Police “Bertillonage”

Fingerprints – the oldest biometric n n 1890 s – Sir Francis Galton’s details (minutia) 1890 s – Sir Edward R Henry (classification) 1904 – Leavenworth and St. Louis PD, which leads to the foundation of the FBI files (1924), then 1999 – The FBI’s IAFIS goes online

AFIS- Automated Fingerprint Identification System IAFIS - FBI’s Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System

Fingerprints Enrollment n n n Rolled Fingerprints – Ten rolled prints still are the “Gold Standard” Single-finger flats – used in verification (1: 1) Slaps – Most often four fingers together

Latents or Latent Prints Also known as “Markings” or “Tracings”; Valuable to Law enforcement, only possible with fingerprints.

Palm Prints n n Approached the same as fingerprints 30% or more of latents at crime scenes are palms

Palm Prints n n n Already in NAFIS – Australia’s national system Part of IDENT 1 in the UK A key initiative in the FBI’s NGI - Next Generation Identification

Recognition From the Latin “again” and “to Know”

Facial Recognition Advantages Disadvantages n Can be obtained n Not nearly as accurate covertly as fingerprints - Yet. n Therefore potential for n Ideally, images need Law Enforcement to be updated. identification (1: N). n Sensitive to variations n Only biometric suitable in pose angle, for surveillance illumination, facial expression

Different methods used in Facial Recognition n n Eigenfaces (spectral decomposition) EBGM (Elastic Bunch Graph Matching) n Support Vector Machines (texture mapping)

Different methods used in Facial Recognition n n LFA (Local Feature Analysis)- different areas of the face Facial Thermography or thermal imaging Ear Shape – Shape of outer ear Eigenhead – Shape of head (often in 3 D)

IRIS Recognition n n Iris – the colored ring surrounding the pupil Like fingerprints, formed in the womb after conception- even twins have different iris characteristics

From "HYMN" by Francis Giacobetti From the left of photo : Francis Crick (Biophysician, UK), Louise Bourgeois (Sculptor, USA), Garcia Marquez (Novelist, Columbia), Ieoh Ming Pei (Architect, USA), Woody Allen (Actor/Director, USA)

Verification or Identification Verification (1: 1) one-to-one Identification (1: N) one-to-many

IRIS Recognition n n Works in identification (1: N) as well as Verification (1: 1) However, not yet useful in surveillance

Retinal Scan n n 1930 s found that blood patterns in the back of the eye are unique to each individual Small, internal to eye, thus difficult to image Difficult to fool (spoof) or to replicate Used in high end security situations (1: 1) Very difficult to use

Hand Geometry n Used for access control (1: 1) n Hand Geometry only n Not palm or fingerprints n Limits – hands are not highly distinctive

Other Biometrics n Skin Texture n Vein Patten n Finger Geometry n Ear shape n Speaker n Keystroke

Even More Remote n Body Odor n Body Salinity n Lips n Fingernails n Gait (Walk)

DNA deoxyribonucleic acid n n Not exactly a biometric – Requires a sample Not done in real time – Not yet

DNA deoxyribonucleic acid n n n Formed at conception – Identical twins have the same Very accurate, but requires an expert NAFIS (Australian System) maintains DNA files along side fingerprint and palm files

Testing Organizations n n n NIST - National Institute of Standards and Technology – Part of US Commerce Department – has tested at FBI IAFIS NBSP – National Biometric Security Project – independent non-profit; an Underwriter’s Laboratory for biometrics TNO TPD – Part of the Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research

Privacy Considerations n n OECD Guidelines –Protection of Privacy and Trans-border Flow of Personal Data Guidelines - issued on September 23, 1980 EU Data Protection Directive (95/46/EC) – Passed by the Parliament and Council on October 24, 1998 – the “Privacy Directive” n U. K. Data Protection Act of 1998 n USA – The 4 th, 5 th, and 14 th Amendments

Trends n n Facial – increased investigative use Palms - increased investigative use and inclusion in national AFISs Multi-modal – two or more biometrics in same application - inclusion in national AFISs Need for increased international cooperation and exchange (or cross searching)

Questions / Contact Tom Baker 1 -703 -470 -0090 Bake. Associates@aol. com