Abatement programs in urban areas and their interlinkage to European strategies Martin Lutz Senate Department for Urban Development Berlin Ø Ø Ø situation sources solutions challenges Issues for discussion Senate department of urban 1 Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz
Considering urban air areas in a European LRTAP strategy why ? n Aim is peoples’ health – most people live in urban areas (e. g. in Sweden 7. 5 of 9 Mio) n large-scale pollution background contributes also to exposure of urban population Ä more than half of premature mortality in Swedish cities due to regional PM background n Emissions of urban areas contribute to large-scale background and large-scale effects n Emissions density is high in urban areas Ä implementation of any strategy is to focus on urban areas Ä cities are “binding grids” Senate department of urban 2 Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz
Senate department of urban 3 Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz
Current situation example Paris 2003 Annual mean NO 2 levels Limit Value: 40 g/m 3 40 Roadside Urban Suburban Rural Margin of Tolerance, 2003: 53 g/m 3 53 Source: D. Gombert, AIRPARIF Senate department of urban 4 Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz
Current situation example Germany 2003 PM 10 NO 2 limit value Senate department of urban 5 Source: A. Graff, UBA Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz
Current situation example Regione Lombardia 2003 Milan – 2003 – “via Messina” (urban background station – city centre – gravimetric method) PM 10 Rural Background Senate department of urban 6 Source: C. M. Marino, ARPA, 2004 Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz
Current situation interim conclusion n Many cities within the EU will have trouble meeting the EU Limit Values ÄMainly PM 10 an NO 2 ÄBenzene still a problem in southern Europe n EU in 2001: PM 10 Limit Values exceeded 34% of >700 sites, and in 180 cities with 20 Mio inhabitants n eg. 70 - 120 urban areas in Germany expect to exceed 2005 PM 10 Limit Values n Survey among EU cities by Stockholm: 16 of 25 cities anticipate problems with PM and NO 2 Senate department of urban 7 Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz
Source analysis Simplified schematic of the PM pollution Urban areas 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 PM [µg/m³] countryside Traffic, local sources urban background regional background Senate department of urban hemisspheric/natural background 8 Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz
Source analysis speciation and origin of PM 10 in Berlin Senate department of urban 9 Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz
Attributing PM 10 sources Sectors contributing to total PM 10 at a busy traffic spot in Berlin. . #based on values Institut für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e. V. recorded at the top of a radio tower 324 m above ground Senate department of urban new data of 2002 10 Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz
source analysis interim conclusion n Motor traffic is the predominant source of PM pollution in many cities; can be different in industrialized areas n also 20% of regional PM 10 background can be attributed to traffic exhaust emissions, but the bulk is secondary PM from industry&cumbustion n more than half of traffic related PM 10 stems from road&tire abrasion and resuspension of road dust n regional PM 10 background is between 30 -60% of kerbside levels n HDV & LDV emissions of particular importance n NO 2 regional background usually less than 20 % Senate department of urban 11 Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz
Likely trend of regional PM 10 & urban NO 2 background impact of a Current. LEgislation- scenario in & around Berlin by 2010: we might get ~ 20% by 2010: we might get < 15% reduction of urban NO 2 but we need > 25% reduction of regional PM, but we need ~ 20% by 2005 Source: Stern, et al. , 2004 Senate department of urban 13 Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz
CLE/Baseline scenario interim conclusion Expected improvement of PM 10 and NO 2 pollution insufficient Further action needed Senate department of urban 14 Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz
Action being taken by cities transport sector (i) n control of vehicle emissions through technical means and cleaner fuels Cleaning municipal vehicle fleets (e. g. Regione Lombardia: 2000 new LPG/CNG buses) Financial incentives for clean vehicles • funding schemes for new clean vehicle technology and fuels ( e. g. CNG program for taxis, van, lorries in Berlin) • Emission related City toll (Stockholm) or parking fees (who ? ) Regulatory measures • Smog regulations with ban of polluting vehicles (e. g. Regione Lombardia, Paris) F Effect fairly limited on PM peaks and NO 2 annual mean F even in Milano average reduction of PM hourly values only 5% F rising share of regional background PM during episodes (Berlin>70%) • Low Emission Zones ( Rome, SW cities, London, Greenwich) F London: lorries, buses taxes need EURO II & CRT: expected additional 9% PM-Emission-reduction in 2007 • Licensing arrangement for public transport services (buses, taxes) Senate department of urban 15 Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz
Enhanced large-scale PM transport during episodes little effect of local short term measures Spatial distribution of potential source areas of secondary PM-10 imported into the Greater Berlin area sulphate Berlin nitrate Source: one year backward trajectory statistics by E. Reimer, 2004 Senate department of urban 16 Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz
Enhanced large-scale PM transport during episodes little effect of local short term measures sources of polluted air in Illmitz (backward trajectories statistics), elevated levels in red Source: C. Nagl, UBA Vienna, 2004 Senate department of urban 17 Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz
Action being taken by cities transport sector (i) n control of vehicle emissions through technical means and cleaner fuels Cleaning municipal vehicle fleets (e. g. Regione Lombardia: 2000 new LPG/CNG buses) Financial incentives for clean vehicles • funding schemes for new clean vehicle technology and fuels ( e. g. CNG program for taxis, van, lorries in Berlin) • Emission related City toll (Stockholm) or parking fees (who ? ) Regulatory measures • Smog regulations with ban of polluting vehicles (e. g. Regione Lombardia, Paris) F Effect fairly limited on PM peaks and NO 2 annual mean F even in Milano average reduction of PM hourly values only 5% F rising share of regional background PM during episodes (Berlin>70%) • Low Emission Zones ( Rome, SW cities, London, Greenwich) F London: lorries, buses taxes need EURO II & CRT: expected additional 9% PM-Emission-reduction in 2007 • Licensing arrangement for public transport services (buses, taxes) Senate department of urban 18 Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz
Action being taken by cities transport sector (i) n control of vehicle emissions through technical means and cleaner fuels Cleaning municipal vehicle fleets (e. g. Regione Lombardia: 2000 new LPG/CNG buses) Financial incentives for clean vehicles • funding schemes for new clean vehicle technology and fuels ( e. g. CNG program for taxis, van, lorries in Berlin) • Emission related City toll (Stockholm) or parking fees (who ? ) Regulatory measures • Smog regulations with ban of polluting vehicles (e. g. Regione Lombardia, Paris) F Effect fairly limited on PM peaks and NO 2 annual mean F even in Milano average reduction of PM hourly values only 5% F rising share of regional background PM during episodes (Berlin>70%) • Low Emission Zones ( Rome, SW cities, London, Greenwich) F London: lorries, buses taxes need EURO II & CRT: expected additional 9% PM-Emission-reduction in 2007 • Licensing arrangement for public transport services (buses, taxes) Senate department of urban 19 Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz
Action being taken by cities transport sector (ii) n contain road traffic volume (growth) Ä Congestion charging (e. g. London): F Effect: 12% less NOx und PM 10 emissions F Extension planned Ä Parking fees (e. g. Berlin), park & ride Ä sustainable transport- and urban planning F Investment in cleaner transport modes (public transport & cycling) Ä Berlin: 10 bn € last decade Ä still low car density (340 cars/1000 people) Ä < 40% share of car traffic Ä London: 10 bn £ next 5 years Ä Regione Lombardia: 6 bn € next 12 years F Bus lanes, priority at traffic signals for buses & trams F Restrict parking capacities in new buildings needs long time to take effect Senate department of urban 20 Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz
Action being taken by cities transport sector (iii) n Optimised traffic management Ä re-routeing through traffic in city centres on tangential roads effect in large cities: ~ 10% reduction in Berlin’s centre Ä rerouting HDV traffic in sensitive areas (Prague) Field test in Berlin: -7% PM 10, -20% NOx pollution Ä bypass roads to calm traffic in sensitive areas G No net reduction of emissions n Better road maintenance to reduce abrasion n Ban/charging use of studded tyres (Scandinavia) n Speed limits Ä big effect on noise Ä little effect on air quality Senate department of urban 21 Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz
Action being taken by cities other sectors n Large installations: BAT, local controls on industry n House heating/small combustion Ä BAT for burners Ä Fuel switch ( Gas, ban of ‘dirty’ fuels) Ä Structural changes (heat&power co-generation, district heating) Berlin: ~ 10% further reduction of PPM-emissions n Promoting use of renewables (e. g. Lombardia, Berlin) n Building sites (off-road vehicles Zürich) n Public information and education Senate department of urban 24 Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz
Action being taken by cities Challenges (i) n Decline of regional PM background too slow Ä Local efforts cannot compensate n Vehicle emission standards lag behind progress in control technology and in relation to ambition of PM and NO 2 - limit values we could achieve more emission reduction earlier n Little/no progress in NO 2 - reduction Ä Shift to diesel cars and vans Ä Shift towards higher NO 2/NOx emission ratio & rising oxidation capacity of the urban atmosphere Ä Drop of real word emissions lag behind expectations (“test cycle beat”) n Non-exhaust PM emissions significant and largely depending on traffic volume Senate department of urban 25 Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz
Long-term trend of PM 10 and EC in Berlin Senate department of urban 26 Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz
Action being taken by cities Challenges (i) n Decline of regional PM background too slow Ä Local efforts cannot compensate n Vehicle emission standards lag behind progress in control technology and in relation to ambition of PM and NO 2 - limit values we could achieve more emission reduction earlier n Little/no progress in NO 2 - reduction Ä Shift to diesel cars and vans Ä Shift towards higher NO 2/NOx emission ratio & rising oxidation capacity of the urban atmosphere Ä Drop of real word emissions lag behind expectations (“test cycle beat”) n Non-exhaust PM emissions significant and largely depending on traffic volume Senate department of urban 27 Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz
PM Emission Standards for HDV Engines in g/k. Wh Source: Stefan Rodt, UBA Berlin, 2003 Senate department of urban 28 Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz
NOx Emission Standards for HDV Engines in g/k. Wh Source: Stefan Rodt, UBA Berlin, 2003 Senate department of urban 29 Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz
Action being taken by cities Challenges (i) n Decline of regional PM background too slow Ä Local efforts cannot compensate n Vehicle emission standards lag behind progress in control technology and in relation to ambition of PM and NO 2 - limit values we could achieve more emission reduction earlier n Little/no progress in NO 2 - reduction Ä Shift to diesel cars and vans Ä Shift towards higher NO 2/NOx emission ratio & rising oxidation capacity of the urban atmosphere Ä Drop of real word emissions lag behind expectations (“test cycle beat”) Senate department of urban 30 Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz
Long-term trend of NO 2 and NO in Berlin Senate department of urban 31 Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz
Higher HDV NOx-emissions in Germany 700, 000 600, 000 New Calculation 2003 500, 000 400, 000 300, 000 Earlier Calculation 200, 000 According to HBEFA 1. 2 100, 000 According to HBEFA 2. 0 (provisional) 0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Year NOx Emissions from HDV in Germany According to HBEFA 1. 2 and HBEFA 2. 0 Senate department of urban 32 Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz
Action being taken by cities Challenges (ii) n Non-exhaust PM emissions significant and largely depending on traffic volume n Lacking “integration” in EU transport&funding policy Ä bias of investment into road infrastructure Ä EU funds still award excessive built up of road capacities Ä Unsustainable growth in freight transport and car motorisation Senate department of urban 33 Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz
Local and European/national action on transport examples for interdependencies Local action national/European action needs Economic incentives for clean vehicles (proposal for) EURO V/VI/EEV EU re-interpretation of state aid & internal market rules EU tax incentives nat/EU Low emission zone (proposal for) EURO V/VI/EEV EU Alternative fuels/vehicles R&D, funding on a large scale, tax incentives nat/EU tackle non-exhaust PM traffic emissions R&D in more efficient street cleaning nat/EU metric/legal form of future PM standard EU Contain traffic volumes Integration of environment into transport policy nat/EU metric/legal form of future PM standard EU Even pure local action needs EU support Senate department of urban 34 Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz
One strategy for all scales issues arising from an urban perspective (i) for policy …. n in framing external factors, like (road) traffic factors volumes and energy efficiency Ä stronger coordination with goals of other policy areas, like climate change, noise, road safety, energy n In reviewing (sectoral) emission control objectives, e. g. vehicle emission standards, NECs Ä ambitious enough to ensure compliance with ENV objectives especially in urban areas n in setting/reviewing air quality objectives Ä make sure, they can be achieved also in urban areas by cost-effective control measures Cities are the binding grids in terms of exposure Senate department of urban 35 Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz
One strategy for all scales issues arising from an urban perspective (ii) for policy … n in setting/reviewing of environmental objectives Ä Certainty on the future type of PM objectives important FTaking account of coarse fraction steers local action against non-exhaust emissions FFocus on carbonaceous compounds would drive progress on European emissions standards and local action FSwitch to smaller fractions puts more weight on European vehicle standards and European action against secondary PM F 24 h PM standard puts burden on local short-term actions, which conflicts with their limited impact Ä legally binding AQ standards desirable ? Fin order to drive progress in emission control technology and regulations FIn order to facilitate implementation of local measures Senate department of urban 36 Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz
One strategy for all scales issues arising from an urban perspective (iii) for policy … n in setting/reviewing of environmental objectives Ä require compliance also at hot spots ? Ffor equality reasons so as to protect poor people too Fwould drive progress in emission control technology and regulations, which generates benefits everywhere Ä how to deal which large differences in exposure between and within cities, but make progress everywhere, unless AQ is below no-effect levels ? Fgap-closure objective, i. e. percentage improvement ? Fplus limit/target value for the worst areas ? Ä how to deal with unforeseen difficulties Fflexibility in attainment period, like for benzene ? Keep format of objectives in AQ legislation simple Senate department of urban 37 Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz
Definition of environmental objectives used in the daughter directive and as basis for the NECs ‘Current’ Level in each zone/grid cell Ozone level Equal percentage of reduction (gap-closure) everywhere -X% Interim level achieved by implementing the NECs -X% -X% Target Value -X% Additional improvement in hot spot areas Long-term Environmental Objective (~WHO- guideline) Cross section through EU Senate department of urban 38 Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz
One strategy for all scales issues arising from an urban perspective (iv) for science…. n tools and approach for strategy development to cover the urban scale Ä as a minimum: dispersion models, emissions Ä what about IAM, costs of local measures ? n progress on the uncertainty of PM health impacts sufficient fuel for discussions …. . Nu kör vi ! Senate department of urban 39 Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz
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