A Review of Photovoltaic Cells David Toub ECE 423 12/16/06
Agenda • • • Introduction Functionality Semiconductor Properties VTC Efficiency and PV Design Auxiliary Design Applications Research Conclusions
Introduction • Clean Energy • PV System – Cells – Energy storage – Charge Controller – AC/DC converter • Ventre, Gerard. Messenger, Roger A. Ventre, Jerry. Photovoltaic Systems Engineering. CRC Press Technology and Industrial. 2004
Functionality • pn diode • No illumination – Diode behavior – e, h separated • Illumination • Photovoltaics. ” Wikipeda, The Free Encyclopedia. Downloaded from www. wikipedia. org on 12/02/06. – Incident photons create e-h pairs – E field e-h pairs separate
Semiconductor • Absolute 0 Perfect insulator • Temp increases conduction increases • External energy raises temperature • Ventre, Gerard. Messenger, Roger A. Ventre, Jerry. Photovoltaic Systems Engineering. CRC Press Technology and Industrial. 2004
VTC • Performance Limits • Pm = Vmax x Imax • Incorporate load • Ventre, Gerard. Messenger, Roger A. Ventre, Jerry. Photovoltaic Systems Engineering. CRC Press Technology and Industrial. 2004
Energy Conversion Efficiency • η =Pm/(E x Ac) • Primary Challenge • Incident photons – Ep<Ebg Elost – Ep>Ebg Ee- + Elost – Ep=Ebg Ee- • Silicon tradeoff – High bg loss – Low bg E, V reduced – Optimal at bg=1. 4 e. V
Loss Tradeoffs • Cell Top – Must be transparent – Too thin bad conduction • Cell Interior grid – Large grid helps e-’s – Large grid blocks photons
Auxiliary Design • Heavy modules – structural stress – Wind tension • Pollution • Fan Example – Speed – Acceleration – Without illumination • E/V Ah
Applications • • Electric grid extensions not offered Clean Solar powered house Water pumping systems Garden lights Automobiles Source utility grid Satellites, shuttles • Ventre, Gerard. Messenger, Roger A. Ventre, Jerry. Photovoltaic Systems Engineering. CRC Press Technology and Industrial. 2004
Research • Thin Film – Cheap – Increased unit loss – Multilayer Efficiency • Nanocrystalline – Thin film + mesoporous MO – Increased internal reflection – Great efficiency expensive
Conclusions • Environmentally benign • Inefficient uncommon Still fuel • Future Efficiency increasing Cheaper
References • • • Ventre, Gerard. Messenger, Roger A. Ventre, Jerry. Photovoltaic Systems Engineering. CRC Press Technology and Industrial. 2004 F Lasnier. Photovoltaic Engineering Handbook TG Ang - 1990 - A. Hilger New York “Two layer organic Photovoltaic Cell. ” -- Volume 48, Issue 2, pp. 183 -185 Research Laboratories, Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, New York. Applied Physics Letters -- January 13, 1986 Harmon, C. “Experience Curves of Photovoltaic Technology. ” IIASA Publications. 2000. “Photovoltaics. ” Wikipeda, The Free Encyclopedia. Downloaded from www. wikipedia. org on 12/02/06. Green, M. A. Solar cells: Operating principles, technology, and system applications. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice-Hall, Inc. , 1982. 288 p. Wohlre, Dieter. Meissner, Dieter. “Organic Solar Cells. ” Advanced Materials. Volume 3, Issue 3 , Pages 129 – 138. Verlag Gmb. H & Co. KGa. A, 1991. American Journal of Physics -- Volume 61, Issue 3, pp. 286 -287 American Association of Physics Teachers. March 1993 O’Regan, B. & Grätzel, M. A low-cost, high efficiency solar cell based on dye-sensitized colloidal Ti. O 2 films. Nature 353, 737– 740 (1991). Mc. Cann, Michelle. J. Catchpole, Kylie. R. Weber, Klaus J. A review of thin film crystalline silicon for solar cell applications. Part 1 : native substrates. 2001 Shah, A. Torres, P. , Tscharner, R. Photovoltaic technology: the case for thin-film solar cells. Institute of Microtechnology (IMT), University of Neuchatel, Rue A. -L. Breguet 2, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland. University of Applied Science, Avenue de l'Hotel-de-Ville 7, CH-2400 Le Locle, Switzerland
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