A Quiz? ? ? On What? ? Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5
L. O. 1: Identify 3 Basic Concepts of Government that influence the American Colonies The English colonists in America brought with them three main concepts: • The need for an ordered social system, or government. • The idea of limited government, that is, that government should not be all-powerful. • The concept of representative government—a government that serves the will of the people. Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5 Chapter 2, Section 1
Where did these ideas come from? Hammurabi 1750 B. C. E. Code of law: Uniform, “Divine, ” or “natural” State as the authority to enforce law Social Justice Concepts – “an eye for an eye” Hebrew Law – The Old Testament Judeo Christian Law based on the Ten Commandments (Life, liberty, and property? ? ? • Spread by the Roman Empire Feudalism in Europe: a “Contract” • Lord ---Vassals---Peasants • The rights of Englishmen under fuedal tradition become “common Law” Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5
L. O. 2: Explain the significance of Important English Documents to the development of American Ideas about government The way our government works today can be traced to important documents in history: • Magna Carta • English Petition of Right • English Bill of Rights Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5 Chapter 2, Section 1
U. S. Bill of Rights? ? ? Which Amendment? ? See Amendments (18) Magna Carta English Petition of Right English Bill of Rights Which Amendment? ? See page 18 Amendments… Your text, p. 29 (chart) may also be helpful Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5
U. S. Bill of Rights? ? ? Which Amendment? ? See Amendments (18) Magna Carta English Petition of Right English Bill of Rights Which Amendment? ? See page 18 Amendments… 4 th unreasonable searches or seizures 1 st Speech, press, religion 5 th Due process 6 th trial by jury 1 st Petition for grievences 8 th Cruel and unusual punishment/ excessive bail or fines 2 nd Right to bear arms Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5
L. O. 3: Describe three types of colonies established in America There were three types of colonies in North America: royal, proprietary, and charter. • The royal colonies were ruled directly by the English monarchy. • The King appoints a governor and “council of advisors” (would become the “upper house of the colonial legislatures. ) • Landholders would elect a lower house of advisors…bi-cameral legislature • Governor appoints judges Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5 Chapter 2, Section 1
The Thirteen Colonies There were three types of colonies in North America: royal, proprietary, and charter. • The King granted land to people in North America, who then formed proprietary colonies. • Charter granted to a proprietor • Proprietor appoints governor • William Penn –Pennsylvania and Delaware • Lord Baltimore – Maryland • Primary Source – Maryland toleration Act Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5 Chapter 2, Section 1
The Thirteen Colonies There were three types of colonies in North America: royal, proprietary, and charter. • The charter colonies were mostly self-governed, and their charters were granted to the colonists. • Rhode Island Connecticut • Governors are elected by landowners • Largely independent Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5 Chapter 2, Section 1
Back to that Quiz 2. 1 • • L. O. 1: Identify basic concepts that influenced government in America L. O. 2: Analyze the significance of Early English efforts to expand rights on Colonial thought. Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5
L. O. 3: Outline the growth of colonial self-government and actions that led to an independence movement. British Colonial Policies • • • Until the mid-1700 s, the colonies were allowed a great deal of freedom in their governments by the English monarchy. Primary Source: In America’s Legacy In 1760, King George III imposed new taxes and laws on the colonists. Why this “renewed interest in the Colonies? 1. To pay for debts incurred during the French and Indian War (1763)…payment for protection (taxes) 2. To avoid future conflict on the frontier (Proclamation of 1763) • Actual vs. Virtual Representation? ? Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5 Chapter 2, Section 2
L. O. 3: Outline the growth of colonial self-government and actions that led to an independence movement. British Colonial Policies Proclamation of 1763 What prompted the Proclamation? Quartering Act of 1765? Colonists viewpoint? Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5 Chapter 2, Section 2
Describe the ideas behind the American Revolution and their role in shaping the Constitution Road to Revolution Irritants n n n n Sugar Act 1764 Currency Act 1764 …Or…”it’s the Stamp Act 1765 economy stupid. ” Townshend Duties Quartering Act of 1765 No representation in Parliament Tea Act 1773 Protests and boycotts Sons of Liberty bring down the stamp Act Boston Tea Party Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5 (27)
L. O. 3: Outline the growth of colonial self-government and actions that led to an independence movement. Intolerable/Coercive Acts Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5
L. O. 3: Outline the growth of colonial self-government and actions that led to an independence movement. Growing Colonial Unity Early Attempts • In 1643, several New England settlements formed the New England Confederation. • A confederation is a joining of several groups for a common purpose. The Albany Plan • In 1754, Benjamin Franklin proposed the Albany Plan of Union, in which an annual congress of delegates (representatives) from each of the 13 colonies would be formed. The Stamp Act Congress • In 1765, a group of colonies sent delegates to the Stamp Act Congress in New York…. response to the policies of King George • These delegates prepared the Declaration of Rights and Grievances against British policies and sent it to the king. Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5 Chapter 2, Section 2
L. O. 3: Outline the growth of colonial self-government and actions that led to an independence movement. Primary Source Readings • 1. Provide a summary/explanation of the reading • 2. Discuss how the work reflects the “American” view of government and the relationship between government and the governed. • Present/discuss your thoughts on the “Questions for Discussion. ” • Patrick Henry’s Speech (RED) • • • Go To Section: Adam Smith (GREEN) Thomas Paine (PURPLE) Virginia Declaration of Rights (BLUE/White) 1 2 3 4 5
L. O. 3: Outline the growth of colonial self-government and actions that led to an independence movement. The Continental Congresses First Continental Congress • The colonists sent a Declaration of Rights to King George III. George’s Response • The delegates urged each of the colonies to refuse all trade with England until British tax and trade regulations were repealed, or recalled. Go To Section: Second Continental Congress • In 1775, each of the 13 colonies sent representatives to this gathering in Philadelphia. • The Second Continental Congress served as the first government of the United States from 1776 to 1781. 1 2 3 4 5 Chapter 2, Section 2
L. O. 5: Analyze the Declaration of Independence The Declaration of Independence On July 4, 1776, the Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence. Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5
L. O. 4: Analyze the Declaration of Independence Background • January 1776 – Common Sense is distributed throughout colonies • June 7, 1776 - Richard Henry Lee offers a resolution to Congress that “these United Colonies…ought to be free and independent” • June 11, 1776 – Congress appoints a committee to write a Declaration of Independence: Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, John Adams, Robert Livingston and Thomas Jefferson Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5
L. O. 4: Analyze the Declaration of Independence More Background • July 4, 1776 – Declaration of Independence is adopted by Congress, John Hancock was the first person to sign it • August 2, 1776 – Declaration of Independence is signed by 50 present members of Congress, Franklin remarks “We must all hang together or we shall hang separately. ” Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5
L. O. 4: Analyze the Declaration of Independence Main Author – Thomas Jefferson • Although there were 5 men appointed to write the Declaration of Independence, Jefferson was the main author Congress only accepted the Declaration of Independence after they cut a large portion that attacked slavery Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5
L. O. 4: Analyze the Declaration of Independence Enlightenment • Jefferson used the Enlightenment ideas of JOHN LOCKE People are born with certain natural rights: life, liberty and property People form governments to protect these rights If governments interfere with these rights, the people have the right to OVERTHROW them Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5
L. O. 4: Analyze the Declaration of Independence Purpose • To show why the colonies were revolting against Britain and Declaring their Independence Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5
L. O. 4: Analyze the Declaration of Independence 4 Parts of the Declaration of Independence • Preamble • Declaration of Natural Rights • List of Grievances • Resolution of Independence Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5
L. O. 4: Analyze the Declaration of Independence PREAMBLE • • • First part of the Declaration of Independence Introduction Explains why the Continental Congress wrote the Declaration of Independence Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5
L. O. 4: Analyze the Declaration of Independence Preamble “When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another…a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to separate. ” Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5 When it is necessary for people to separate from their government, these people need to tell others the reasons why they are separating.
L. O. 4: Analyze the Declaration of Independence Declaration of Natural Rights • • • Second part of the Declaration of Independence • Jefferson calls these rights UNALIENABLE rights, which means they can never be taken away Lists the rights of the citizens Explains that in a republic, the government is there to protect the rights of the people Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5
L. O. 4: Analyze the Declaration of Independence Declaration of Natural Rights “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness. ” TAKEN FROM? ? Go To Section: • These ideas are taken from the Enlightenment thinker, John Locke who said people have natural rights like life, liberty and property. 1 2 3 4 5
L. O. 4: Analyze the Declaration of Independence Declaration of Natural Rights “That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their powers from the consent of the governed…” • Government’s job is to protect the rights of the people • Governments should Reflections of Locke? Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5 get their power from the people they govern
L. O. 4: Analyze the Declaration of Independence Declaration of Natural Rights “ That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it…it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government and provide new Guards for their future security. ” Go To Section: • If a government is not protecting the people’s rights the people have the right AND obligation to overthrow that government and start a new one. 1 2 3 4 5
L. O. 4: Analyze the Declaration of Independence List of Grievances • • Third part of the Declaration of Independence List of the colonists’ complaints with England They specifically blame King George III There are 28 grievances, or complaints, that are listed in this section of the Declaration of Independence Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5
L. O. 4: Analyze the Declaration of Independence List of Grievances Here are some of the complaints: QUARTERING ACT British soldiers in colonies without permission Quartering British troops in the colonies Not punishing these troops when they harm colonists NAVIGATION ACTS Cutting off the colonists’ trade with the rest of the world Taxing the colonists without their permission TEA ACT INTOLERABLE ACTS Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5 STAMP ACT
L. O. 4: Analyze the Declaration of Independence Resolution of Independence • Final part of the Declaration of Independence • Declares that the colonies are “Free and Independent States” • Includes the signatures of the signers of the Declaration of Independence Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5
L. O. 4: Analyze the Declaration of Independence Resolution of Independence • These states have the power to: Declare war Trade with other countries Form alliances Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5
L. O. 4: Analyze the Declaration of Independence The Signers John Hancock was the first person to sign the Declaration of Independence. (He signed it very largely so King George could see it “all the way from England. ”) There were 56 signers of the Declaration from all of the 13 colonies. Signing the Declaration was considered treason, punishable by death Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5
L. O. 4: Analyze the Declaration of Independence Remember… 1. Main idea of Declaration of Independence and Constitution – governments should be based on the consent of the governed 2. Declaration of Independence states that people have the right to overthrow an oppressive government 3. The main purpose of the Declaration is to JUSTIFY the colonists’ revolt against England 4. There are 4 Sections: Preamble, Declaration of Natural Rights, List of Grievances, Resolution of Independence 5. The Declaration created “free and independent States…sovereign states. Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5
L. O. 4: Analyze the Declaration of Independence American Independence: Four Docs Act. “We hold these truths to be self evident…” For Wednesday: 1. Complete Four Docs activity 2. Complete 2. 2 Quiz 2. Read pp. 44 -47 3. Complete the 2. 3 Guided Reading Worksheet Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5 Chapter 2, Section 2
L. O. 5: Describe American Government under the Articles of Confederation Common Features of State Constitutions Between 1776 and 1777, most of the States adopted constitutions instead of charters. Popular Sovereignty Limited Government Civil Rights and Liberties Separation of Powers and Checks and Balances Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5 The principle of popular sovereignty was the basis for every new State constitution. That principle says that government can exist and function only with the consent of the governed. The people hold power and the people are sovereign. The concept of limited government was a major feature of each State constitution. The powers delegated to government were granted reluctantly and hedged with many restrictions. In every State it was made clear that the sovereign people held certain rights that the government must respect at all times. Seven of the new constitutions contained a bill of rights, setting out the “unalienable rights” held by the people. The powers granted to the new State governments were purposely divided among three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. Each branch was given powers with which to check (restrain the actions of) the other branches of the government. Chapter 2, Section 2
Take –Home Quiz Review Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5
L. O. 5: Describe American Government under the Articles of Confederation The Articles of Confederation established “a firm league of friendship” among the States. Powers Congress was given the power to declare war, deal with national finance issues, and settle disputes among the States. Go To Section: Obligations The States promised to obey Congress, and to respect the laws of the other States. Most other powers were retained by each State. 1 2 3 4 5 Chapter 2, Section 3
L. O. 5: Describe American Government under the Articles of Confederation What is a Confederacy? . . Why a Confederacy? • Strengths? ? ? “Free and Independent States” Sovereignty? ? ? Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5
L. O. 5: Describe American Government under the Articles of Confederation Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5 Chapter 2, Section 3
L. O. 5: Describe how/why the need for a stronger National Government led to a Constitutional Convention Economic Crisis and Shays’ Rebellion Primary source readings: “Divergent responses to economic crisis” Terms: balance of trade, hard money, specie, currency contraction, vertical economic mobility, creditor, debtor, acrimonious Identify the main arguments of 1. 2. Opponents of paper money (“Curtius”) Advocates of paper money (“Willing To Learn”) Shays’s Rebellion Go To Section: More on Shays 1 2 3 4 5
L. O. 5: Describe how/why the need for a stronger National Government led to a Constitutional Convention A Call for a Stronger Government • Representatives from Maryland Virginia met at Mount Vernon, Virginia, in 1785 to discuss trade issues. • The meeting was so successful that the Virginia General Assembly requested a meeting of all thirteen States, which eventually became the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia. Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5 Chapter 2, Section 3
SECTION 4 Creating the Constitution • Who were the Framers of the Constitution? • What were the differences between the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan? • What were some of the compromises on which the Constitutional Convention agreed? • What sources did the delegates draw on and how did they react when they completed the Constitution? Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5 Chapter 2, Section 4
L. O. 2. 4 -1: Describe how/why the need for a stronger National Government led to a Constitutional Convention Who were the Framers of the Constitution? Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5 Chapter 2, Section 4
L. O. 2. 4 -1: Describe how/why the need for a stronger National Government led to a Constitutional Convention Gentlemen in Philadelphia and Philosophy in Action Who attended Constitutional Convention? n 55 delegates from 12 states n Not “average” people - Wealthy planters, lawyers, merchants. n They ignored their instructions to revise the Articles and set about designing a new government…. WHY? Because the dissenters stayed home! High principles versus self-interest n n Human nature…Hobbes, Locke, Adam Smith…SELF INTEREST! Political conflict results from factions…pursuing self interest Purpose of government…Protect natural rights (Locke) Nature of government…Limited government (Locke) …Separation of powers (Montesquieu) Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5
L. O. 2. 4 -1: Describe how/why the need for a stronger National Government led to a Constitutional Convention Gentlemen in Philadelphia and Philosophy in Action • The Framers were worried that the majority faction would tyrannize minority factions — specifically, the majority without property (remember Shays’s Rebellion? ) would try to use government to redistribute wealth from the wealthy minority composed of themselves. They intended to design a government that would prevent this. Preserving property, they believed, was the principle object of government. Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5
L. O. 2. 4 -1: Describe how/why the need for a stronger National Government led to a Constitutional Convention Critical Issues at the Convention Equality Issues Economic Issues Individual Rights Issues Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5
L. O. 2. 4 -1: Describe how/why the need for a stronger National Government led to a Constitutional Convention Equality Issues Small vs. large…Slave vs. Free…Rich vs poor Equality and representation of the states n New Jersey Plan n Virginia Plan n Connecticut Compromise Slavery Equality in voting Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5 2. 4
L. O. 2. 4 -1: Describe how/why the need for a stronger National Government led to a Constitutional Convention Question: Why does the United States have a Bi-Cameral Legislature? Historical reason? . . . Theoretical Reason? . . . Practical Reason? . . . Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5
L. O. 2. 4 -2: Compare and contrast the Virginia Plan and New Jersey Plan Representation: The Virginia Plan and New Jersey Plans The Virginia Plan • • Three branches of government Bicameral legislature Lower house based on population/or monetary contributions to the central gov. Upper house chosen by representatives in the lower house • “ One National Executive” and “National Judiciary” (chosen by congress) Go To Section: The New Jersey Plan • • Unicameral Congress • More than one federal executive to be chosen by the legislature • One national Judiciary to be chosen by the executive • Would maintain strict limits on Federal power Equal representation for States of different sizes 1 2 3 4 5
L. O. 2. 4 -3: Summarize the major compromises that the delegates agreed to make and the effects of those compromises A Bundle of Compromises? • The Connecticut Compromise Delegates agreed on a bicameral Congress, one segment with equal representation for States, and the other with representation proportionate to the States’ populations. Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5 Chapter 2, Section 4
L. O. 2. 4 -3: Summarize the major compromises that the delegates agreed to make and the effects of those compromises A Bundle of Compromises? Equality Issues Slavery Article 1, Sections 2 and 9 The Three-Fifths Compromise The Framers decided to count a slave as three-fifths of a person when determining the population of a State. The Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise Congress was forbidden from taxing exported goods, and was not allowed to act on the slave trade for 20 years. The northern states had to acquiesce to southern states’ demands or the southern states would have simply refused to join the union. The southern states received a promise that the slave trade would not be restricted until at least 1808, that escaped slaves in free states were to be returned to their owners, and that slaves would be counted as three-fifths of a person for purposes of representation in Congress. Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5 Chapter 2, Section 4
L. O. 2. 4 -3: Summarize the major compromises that the delegates agreed to make and the effects of those compromises A Bundle of Compromises? Equality Issues Equality in voting? Art. 1 Section 2 (1 st sentence) Still smarting from Shays’ Rebellion, most delegates wanted to restrict voting to men with property but in the end they decided to leave voting qualifications up to the individual states. Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5 Chapter 2, Section 4
L. O. 2. 4 -3: Summarize the major compromises that the delegates agreed to make and the effects of those compromises A Bundle of Compromises? Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5 Chapter 2, Section 4
L. O. 2. 4 -4, 5 Influences on and Reactions to the New Constitution Reactions Influences • The Framers were familiar with the political writings of their time, such as works by Jean Jacques Rousseau and John Locke. • They also were influenced, variously, by the Second Continental Congress, the Articles of Confederation and experiences with their own State governments. • Others? ? All that reading We have done? ? ? Go To Section: • When the Constitution was complete, the Framers’ opinions of their work varied. Some were disappointed, like George Mason of Virginia, who opposed the Constitution until his death in 1792. • Most agreed with Ben Franklin’s thoughts when he said, “From such an assembly [of fallible men] can a perfect production be expected? It…astonishes me, Sir, to find this system approaching so near to perfection as it does…” 1 2 3 4 5 Chapter 2, Section 4
WTP 15: Conflicting Opinions • What Do You Think? 1. Describe B. Franklin’s attitude toward the Constitution. What Reasons did he give for his views? Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5
WTP 15: Conflicting Opinions • What Do You Think? 2. What were Mason’s objections? Identify and describe an event in American history that would seem to support his objections? Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5
WTP 15: Conflicting Opinions • What Do You Think? 3. Select one of Mason’s objections and explain what remedies our constitutional government provides for the problem he identified. Then take and defend a position on whether the remedy is adequate. Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5
WTP 15 Conflicting Opinions • Reviewing and using the lesson 1. Why is the Constitution sometimes described as a “bundle of compromises? ” Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5
WTP 15: Conflicting Opinions • Reviewing and using the lesson 2. What was B. Franklin’s opinion of the Constitution crafted by the Framers? Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5
WTP 15: Conflicting Opinions • Reviewing and using the lesson 3. Why did George Mason refuse to sign the Constitution? Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5
Section 4 Quiz Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5
L. O. 2. 5 -1: Identify the opposing sides in the fight for ratification The Federalists and Anti-Federalists The Constitution was very controversial at first, with some groups supporting it, and others attacking it. • Federalists thought that • Anti-Federalists the Articles of Confederation were weak, and argued for the ratification of the Constitution. Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5 objected to the Constitution for many reasons, including the strong central government and the lack of a bill of rights. Chapter 2, Section 5
We The People Lesson 16 • • • Individual - Group Read pp. 84 -85 Respond to “What Do You Think? ” Page 85 1. How did the arguments of the Anti-Federalists reflect their point of view regarding natural rights, republicanism, and constitutionalism? 2. Why did the Anti-Federalists believe that the Constitution would not be able to maintain a system of republican government? 3. Did the Anti-Federalists have less faith in human nature than did the Federalists? Explain. Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5
We The People Lesson 16 • • • Individual - Group Read pp. 85 -86: A Bill of Rights Respond to “What Do You Think? ” Page 86 1. What criticism of the constitution by the Ant-Federalists seems to you the most valid? Why 2. The original Constitution did not secure equal rights for women. Would you have opposed the constitution for this reason? 3. Which fears of the Anti-Federalists are expressed today? In your opinion are those fears justified? Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5
We The People Lesson 17 Read 87 -89 Respond: “What Do You Think? ” Page 89 1. How did the arguments of the Federalists reflect their point of view regarding natural rights, republicanism, and constitutionalism? 2. 3. Civic Virtue is not enough? . . . Why not? What effects did the size and population of the new nation have on the positions of the Federalists? Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5
We The People Lesson 17 Explain the following: 1. The civic virtue of the people cannot be relied on alone to protect basic rights. 2. The way the government is organized will protect basic rights. 3. The representation of different interests will protect rights Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5
We The People Lesson 17 • Read - Should There Be A Bill of Rights? (89, 90) Respond to “What do you think? P. 90 Group: Reviewing and Using the Lesson 1 -5, p. 90 This assignment will be collected Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5
Ratification “If men were angels no government would be necessary” James Madison Ratify • • • : to approve and sanction formally : confirm
A Bill of Rights? • • The Anti-Federalists best argument? The Federalists response A Call for a protection of rights First Pennsylvania, then majorities in the ratifying conventions of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, New York, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolina. . The Federalists were forced to pledge their support for the addition of a Bill of Rights Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5
Ratification “The ratification of the conventions of nine States shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the same. ” Article VII Nine to form a country…But without Virginia and New York? ? Why State conventions? . . Why not have the State legislatures decide? Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5
The Constitution is Ratified • Nine States ratified (Art. 7, p 17) the Constitution by June 21, 1788, but the new government needed the ratification of the large States of New York and Virginia. • Great debates were held in both States, with Virginia ratifying the Constitution June 25, 1788. • New York’s ratification was hard fought. The Federalist papers were widely published in support of ratification Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5 Chapter 2, Section 5
Inaugurating the Government • The new Congress met for the first time on March 4, 1789 (New York. ) • Congress finally attained a quorum (majority) on April 6 and counted the electoral votes. George Washington had been unanimously elected President. He was inaugurated on April 30. Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5 Chapter 2, Section 5
The Election • The United States presidential election of 1788– 1789 was the 1 st quadrennial presidential election. It was held from Monday, December 15, 1788 to Saturday, January 10, 1789. • The enormously popular Washington essentially ran unopposed. The only real issue to be decided was who would be chosen as vicepresident. Under the system then in place, each elector cast votes for two persons; if a person received a vote from a majority of the electors, that person became president, and the runner-up became vicepresident. All 69 electors cast one vote each for Washington. Their other votes were divided among eleven other candidates; John Adams received the most, becoming vice-president • • Only six of the states had any kind of popular vote Candidates for VP came from the ranks of federalists and antifederalists…. the beginnings of party politics in America? Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5
Bill of Rights? ? Madison (now a newly elected representative from Virginia) drafts a proposal for amendments representing a bill of rights and introduces the amendments to congress on June 8, 1789. How are Amendments added? ? ? i. e. , why did it take so long? Ten amendments (Bill of Rights) are added/adopted on 12/15/1791 Go To Section: 1 2 3 4 5