A PEOPLE A NATION SIXTH EDITION Norton

A PEOPLE & A NATION SIXTH EDITION Norton Katzman Blight Chudacoff Paterson Tuttle Escott Chapter 16: Reconstruction: An Unfinished Revolution, 1865– 1877 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

16 -2 Ch. 16: Reconstruction, 1865 – 1877 • Dramatic social/political/legal changes • President and Congress clash over process and nature of Reconstruction • New amendments added to Constitution • Full potential of changes stymied by return of Democratic control to South, emergence of KKK, failure to redistribute land, and eventual northern indifference Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

16 -3 I. Lincoln's 10% Plan (1863) • Debate on restoring Union begins during war • Fearing guerrilla war after South's defeat, Lincoln favors leniency with a swift process • Proposes pardons for most confederates and reunion once 10% took loyalty oaths • Radical Republicans in Congress want longer, harsher Reconstruction; argue that South destroyed its status by secession Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

16 -4 II. Congress, 13 th Amendment, & Freedmen's Bureau • Radicals propose slow readmission and denial of vote/citizenship to Confederate leaders • Lincoln pocket-vetoes 1864 Wade-Davis Bill • President and Congress cooperate on 13 th Amendment (1865), abolishing slavery • Agree on Bureau (1865) to help/protect former slaves (first US aid to individuals) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

16 -5 III. Meanings of Freedom • Ex-slaves excited by freedom, but act with caution because of white hostility/power • Most end up working former masters but relocate homes and try to control their labor • Tremendous efforts to reunite families and to live together as a family and a community • Create all-black settlements to avoid white interference and allow personal freedom Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

16 -6 IV. African Americans' Desire for Land & Education • Recognize that land is necessary for independence • Most whites reject land redistribution • Even coastal lands redistributed during war were in lots too big for ex-slaves to afford • Ex-slaves devote time and scarce money to education; helped by Freedman's Bureau and northern reformers who begin public schools and found colleges in South Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

16 -7 V. Black Churches; Rise of Sharecropping • Secret slave churches move into open and become central to black communities • Most become either Methodist or Baptist; establish independent branches of these two • Without land faced with white refusal to rent land, freed men pushed to sharecropping • A freed man provides labor to raise a crop; at harvest splits crop with land owner Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

16 -8 VI. Sharecropping Debts & Overdependence on Cotton • Freed man uses his part of crop to pay for earlier loans from landlord/merchant • Ever-increasing debt develops for ex-slave as his portion of crop fails to pay for loans • Sharecroppers required to grow cotton, but glut (late 1800 s) depresses cotton prices • Many white yeomen become sharecroppers because they lose land through debt Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

16 -9 VI. Andrew Johnson • In TN politics, Johnson championed yeoman farmers against planter elite • A Democrat who refused to follow TN into secession; Lincoln picks him for '64 ticket • Rejects secession, but is adamant on limited government, states' rights, white supremacy • Controls Reconstruction (1865) as Congress in recess Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

16 -10 VII. Johnson's Racism, Leniency, & Pardons (1865) • Rejecting black suffrage, Johnson refuses to force southern states to extend the vote • Initially bars planters from voting/politics, but when planters take control of new state conventions, Johnson accepts them • Begins pardoning planters and restoring land to get their support for 1866 elections • Declares Reconstruction over (Dec. 1865) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

16 -11 VIII. Black Codes • North is upset by return of planter control and their defiance (slow to repudiate secession) • Northern frustration grows when southern governments merely revise old slave laws • Place numerous restrictions on ex-slaves • To North, South unrepentant; Congress refuses to recognize southern governments and challenges Johnson's leniency Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

16 -12 IX. The Radicals • Despite divisions, Congress asserts its authority to shape Reconstruction policy • Northern Democrats support Johnson • Conservative Republicans favor action, but not extensive activism pushed by Radicals • Radicals (a minority) want to help former slaves (vote/land) and democratize South • Moderate Republicans in between Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

16 -13 X. Congress Wrests Control from Johnson (1866) • Johnson's refusal to compromise pushes conservatives and moderates toward Radicals • Numerous attacks (riots in Memphis, New Orleans) on blacks also influence Congress • Besides overriding veto to continue Freedman's Bureau and pass first civil rights act, Congress drafts new amendment • A compromise between different Republicans Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

16 -14 XI. 14 th Amendment Ratified by States (1868) • Confers citizenship on all people, plus "due process of law"and "equal protection of laws" • Voids Confederate debt and bars its leaders from state/national office; upholds US debt • Encourages (but does not require) suffrage for black males (ignores female suffrage) • To get full representation in House, South must give black men the vote Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

16 -15 XII. Johnson (1866) & Reconstruction Act of 1867 • President tours North to argue against 14 th • Northerners reject him, reelect moderates and radicals with mandate to continue activity • 1867 Act replaces "Johnson governments" • Under military supervision, black men gain suffrage, Confederate leaders not allowed in politics, and South must accept 14 th • Radicals unable to confiscate planter land Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

16 -16 XIII. Land Redistribution; Constitutional Crisis • Radicals recognize land necessary former slaves to be truly independent • Moderates and conservatives reject taking private property from planters • Severely limits independence of ex-slaves • Congress passes controversial laws to restrict Johnson's interference (set date for reconvening, Tenure of Office Act) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

16 -17 XIV. Impeachment of Johnson; Election of 1868 • Besides many vetoes, Johnson removes military officers who support Congress • For first time Congress tries to remove a president for "high crimes"/abuses of power • Most senators vote to remove Johnson, but Radicals miss 2/3 majority by 1 vote • Grant (Republican) wins; Democrats conduct openly white supremacist campaign Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

16 -18 XV. President Grant; 15 th Amendment (1869– 1870) • Vacillates in supporting Reconstruction; at times uses troops to quell white violence • Demobilization leaves few troops in South ("military rule, " a myth created later) • Radicals push 15 th to protect black male suffrage, but it does not guarantee right to vote • North wants to be able to deny suffrage to women and other groups (Chinese) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

16 -19 XVI. White Resistance; Black Voters & Republicans • Whites, especially planters, resist changes • Black Codes – refuse to let slaves leave; – prevent blacks from getting land; – violence • Black communities celebrate suffrage, help create a Republican party in South • Southern Republicans combine northerners who move south, native whites, freed men Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

16 -20 XVII. Triumph of Republican Governments • New southern constitutions (1869– 70) more democratic with reforms (education) • Republicans, including some blacks, win election to new governments in South • Republicans, esp. blacks, advocate leniency toward ex-Confederates because of religion and realize whites are a majority with best lands • Do not disfranchise planters or take their land Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

16 -21 XVIII. Republican Policies; The Myth of "Negro Rule" • Promote industry with loans, tax exemptions • Establish public schools; white Republicans reject integration; causes debate among African American Republicans • White southerners claim blacks dominate these new governments; claim is a myth • 400 participated, but blacks do not hold office in proportion to their share of populace Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

16 -22 XIX. Carpetbaggers, Scalawags, Corruption • Southerners attack Republicans with label Carpetbaggers for migrants from North • Ignore the fact that most migrants want to help the South • Discredit southern white Republicans as Scalawags; most were yeoman farmers pursuing class interests, not racial equality • Both parties engage in corruption, but Democrats tar Republicans with it Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

16 -23 XX. Ku Klux Klan (starts in TN, 1866) • Rapid spread of this terrorist organization is the deathblow to Reconstruction in South • Attack Republican leaders (white and black) • Harassment, beatings, rape, arson, murder • Planters organize KKK units to regain power with return of Democratic Party control • Most significant mistake of Republicans in DC and in South = no land redistribution Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

16 -24 XXI. Reconstruction Reversed • Always more interested in suppressing rebellion than helping blacks, North loses interest in Reconstruction (1870 s) • Democrats "redeem" southern governments with KKK violence and grow stronger in North • Congress passes anti-KKK laws, but little enforcement; northerners reject idea that US Government should protect civil rights Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

16 -25 XXII. Liberal Republicans (1872) • Oppose continued US intervention in South; bolt party with their own nominee (Greeley) • Grant wins, but his tepid support for Reconstruction declines; Congress pardons most ex-confederates (Amnesty Act, 1872) • Corruption scandals also weaken Grant and Republicans; Democrats take House (1874) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

16 -26 XXIII. Shift in Northern Attention away from South • Rapid industrialization and immigration monopolizes Northern concerns • Panic of 1873 starts 5 years of contraction; accelerates class tensions (debtor/creditor) • Infuses debate over money supply; creditors win (1875) with restrictions on "greenbacks" • North also debates further expansion (Alaska and Midway Islands, 1867) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

16 -27 XXIV. Judicial Retreat from Reconstruction • Inactive after Dred Scott and during war, Supreme Court reasserts itself after 1865 • Slaughter-House (1873) denies that 14 th makes US government protector of civil rights; narrows 14 th with stress on state power • Bradwell (1873) dismisses claim that 14 th outlaws gender discrimination; Court later upholds restrictions on suffrage Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

16 -28 XXV. Disputed Election of 1876; Compromise of 1877 • Tilden (Democrat) wins slightly more popular votes but needs 1 more electoral vote to win; 19 votes in dispute (fraud) • Voting by party, congressional commission gives 19 votes to Hayes (Republican) • Democrats accept outcome in return for promises of federal aid and troop removal • 1000 s of Exodusters abandon South for KS Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

16 -29 Summary: Discuss Legacy & How Do Historians Know • Why is 14 th Amendment a vital legacy? • Interpretations of it change overtime; key to modern social movements (gender / race) • HDHK box, p. 439*: how does this reflect popular support in North for Radical Republicans? • Bitter at war's cost and unrepentant South *Norton, A People & a Nation, Sixth Edition Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.