A P Vinogradov was the Soviet Union s leading

A. P. Vinogradov was the Soviet Union's leading geochemist, head of the Vernadskii Institute from 1947 -1975 and Vice President of the Academy of Sciences. He pioneered the use of chemical and isotopic analysis to study the formation of terrestrial minerals and meteoric material. With the coming of space technology, he proposed the use of gamma-ray spectroscopy to study the makeup of planetary crusts. During his leadership, the Vernadskii Institute designed many of the experiments on lunar and planetary probes. A mountain and a crater on the far side of the Moon bear his name. Александр Евгеньевич Ферсман (1883 -1945) Академик. Директор Минералогического музея с 1919 по 1930 гг. Область его интересов чрезвычайно широка. Минералогия, кристаллография, геохимия, учение о полезных ископаемых, технология минерального сырья. Исследователь и организатор промышленной разработки ряда месторождений Кольского полуострова, Урала, Средней Азии. Создатель стройной теории генезиса пегматитов. Основные труды по минералогии: "Самоцветы России. " Т. 1. Петроград, 1921; "Пегматиты, их научное и практическое значение, т. 1. Гранитные пегматиты. " Изд-во АН СССР. , Л. , 1931; "Материалы по минералогии Кольского полуострова. " М. -Л. , 1937; "Полезные ископаемые Кольского полуострова. " 1941

Figure 4. Biogeochemical mapping of North Eurasia. 1– 11. Zonal biogeochemical regions, sub-regions and biogeochemical provinces. 1– 4— Taiga Forest region of biosphere. Biogeochemical provinces: 1—Co deficit, Cu deficit, Co + Cu deficit, Ca + P deficit; 2—I + Co deficit; 3—Ca deficit and Sr excess; 4—Se deficit. 5– 6—Forest Steppe and Steppe region of biosphere. Biogeochemical provinces: 5—I deficit in floodplain soils; 6—disturbed ratio of Ca: P. 7– 10—Dry Steppe, Semi-Desert and Desert region of biosphere. Biogeochemical provinces: 7—Cu deficit; 8 —Cu deficit, Mo and sulfate excess; 9—B excess; 10—Co and Cu deficit, Mo and B excess. 11—Mountain region of Biosphere. 12– 29. Azonal biogeochemical provinces 12—Co excess; 13—I and Mn deficit; 14—Pb excess; 15—Mo excess; 16—Ca and Sr excess; 17—Se excess; 18—unbalanced Cu: Mo: Pb ratios; 19—U excess; 20—F excess; 21—Cu excess; 22—disturbed Cu exchange; 23—Ni, Mg, Sr excess and Co, Mn deficit; 24—Ni excess; 25—Li excess; 26—Cr excess; 27—Mn excess; 28—F deficit; 29—Zn deficit.

From Bashkin V, 2008

Figure 2. Dependence of biochemical and physiological processes in organisms on the content of essential chemical elements in the biogeochemical food webs as a hysiological adaptation curve. 1—lower (deficient) content; 2—optimum content; 3—excessive (upper) content.

Figure 3. General model of biogeochemical cycles in the Earth’s ecosystems. The left part is biogeochemical cycling in terrestrial ecosystems, the right part is aquatic ecosystems and the central part is connected with the atmosphere. The fine solid lines show the biogeochemical food webs (the Latin numbers I–XXI) and directed and reverse relationships between these thick solid lines show the primary systems of biogenic cycling organization, usually joining two links of a biogeochemical food web, for instance, 7, 11, 18, etc. , and secondary more complicated complexes of primary systems, for instance, counters 12, 13, 19, 17, 20, etc. ; fine dotted lines show the stage of initial environmental pollution, for instance, soils, 40, waters, 44, air, 43, due to anthropogenic activities; the thick dotted lines show the distribution of technogenic and agricultural raw materials, goods and wastes in biosphere, for instance, in soils, 41, in air, 42, in waters, 45, leading to the formation of technogenic biogeochemical provinces; the different arrows show the social stages of human activity, from human being up to the noosphere (After Kovalsky, 1981; Bashkin, 2002).

Table 1. The values of biogeochemical cycling (Cb), active temperature (Ct ) and relative biogeochemival (Cbr ) coefficients in various soil-ecosystem geographical regions of the World (Bashkin and Kozlov, 1999).

Phoma betae A. B. Frank (=Pleospora betae Bjorl. ) Зональная пятнистость или фомоз свёклы