A New Nation The American Revolution and Creation

A New Nation The American Revolution and Creation of the United States

Quiz • Describe the American values at the time of the Revolution in America. • IN your opinion did these values contribute to the revolution. Why or Why not? ?

English control of N. America

American Mind • After England’s wars with the French were complete many problems existed. – Post-war debts – High Taxes – Need for money to finance acquired lands • Counted on colonies to help – Most accepted others rejected – Some wanted control of lives – American values- holders of destiny

Proclamation of 1763 • French-Indian War creates need for British to raise money and control colonists • First regulation placed on colonies by England • Established a boundary between the Appalachian Mountains west into Indian lands • No one could trade past this line • Colonists seen this as a challenge to their rights to push west and find new markets

Proclamation of 1763

Sugar Act • Passed by parliament of 1764 -chief economic minister George Greenville • Also called the American Revenue Act • Raise revenues to pay debts and help keep the military in the colonies. • the Sugar Act imposed new or higher duties on sugar, textiles, coffee, indigo, and wine from non-British territories; • it also added to the list of "enumerated goods" that the colonies could ship only to English ports.

Stamp Act • Required the use of specially marked paper or the affixing of stamps on all wills, contracts, other legal documents, and newspapers • Made a legal business transaction you had to pay the tax • First internal tax within colonies • Virtual representation vs. taxation without representation

Colonial Reaction to Stamp Act • Taxation without representation • Massive protests occurred in the colonies • Stamp Act Congress- England had right to enforce laws but not direct taxes • Boycott ensued • Stamp Act was repealed • Declaratory Act- England had the right to legislate for the colonists

Quiz • What was the Sugar Act? • What was the Stamp Act? • Explain the impact of the Stamp Act Congress on the Stamp Act. • Describe the importance of the Declaratory Act. • Explain the events leading up to the Boston Massacre • Bonus: Describe virtual representation

Charles Townshend • Prime Minister of Great Britain in 1767. Colonists believed he would be more favorable • Quartering Act – Required colonial legislatures to pay for supplies need by British Troops – Unless payments were made all laws passed by the colonies would be nullified • Revenue Act (Townshend Duties) – Taxed American imports of tea, glass, lead, paper, and paint – Thought that external tax would not be opposed

Townshend • American Board of Customs Commissioners – Collected the taxes for Townshend – Became hated for dubious techniques of collection – Boston Massacre • Rioting over the actions of the Commissioners brought the British military to the city in 1768 • Troops fired on a protest in 1770 when troops fired on a rock throwing crowd. • Colonists used incident to stir up anti-British sentiments • Actually caused a relaxation in tensions.

Boston Massacre

Massachusetts Circular Letter • Drafted by Samuel Adams • Raised the issue of “Taxation without representation” • Townshend ordered the Mass. House of Representatives dissolved • Boycott of British goods • Loss of revenues by Britain that exceeded profits made by Townshend Acts.

The Road to Revolution Boston Harbor

Quiz • Charles Townshend placed many acts upon the colonists during his time as prime minister. • Discuss the so-called Townshend Acts and explain colonists reaction to the acts.

1772 • Two events brought the period of calm to an end. – Rhode Island colonists burned the British ship The Gaspee – The salaries for the governor and judges of Mass would be paid for by the king. – Left many to believe that Britain was undermining colonial self-rule • Committee of Correspondence – Bring news of British abuses to town meetings – Stirred up Anti-British sentiment

Tea Act • Lord North replaced Townshend as minister of Britain. • North wanted to bail out East India Company from bankruptcy – East India Co. got monopoly on sale and distribution of tea into colonies – Lowered the price of tea to an all time low price – Revenue from the tea tax even though it was low was unacceptable to the colonists – Cemented Parliament’s right to tax the colonists

Boston Tea Party • Colonists were led to believe that the king was trying to purchase loyalty with cheap tea • When tea shipments arrived Samuel Adams called for the tea to be sent back and no tax be paid • Dressed as Mohawk Indians and boarded the ship and threw the 342 chests of tea into the harbor

Boston Tea Party

Boston Tea Party

Indians dumping tea

Coercive Acts • In Response to the Boston Tea Party, Parliament hit the colonists The Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts) • Boston Port Act- Closed the port of Boston • Until the cost of tea and duties were paid in full • A new Quartering Act would allow British soldiers to be housed by colonists • Quebec Act: Set up Catholic government in Quebec. Gave away some colonists lands to Quebec • Revoked the Ma. Charter – Town meetings could not be held – Act for Impartial Administration of Justice- British soldiers would not be tried in the colonies.

Quiz • Explain the provisions of the following acts against the colonists – Sugar Act – Stamp Act – Quartering Act • What goods had duties placed on them by the Townshend Acts? • Describe the provisions of the Tea Act. • Why were colonists so opposed to the Tea Act? • What were the provisions of the Coercive Acts- Hint 5 of them? • Bonus: What did the power of the purse refer to? • Bonus 2: How did the Sugar and Townshend Acts apply to mercantilism while the Stamp Act did not?

Quiz • Discuss the impact the Townshend duties had on the colonies. • Explain the reasons behind the Boston Tea Party. • Why were the Coercive Acts intolerable to the colonists? • Describe the outcome of the First Continental Congress • List one of the two profound effects of the Battle at Bunker Hill. • Bonus: What was the one condition for George Washington to assume command of the American forces?

QUIZ • What were the provisions and consequences of the following Acts? – Sugar – Stamp – Townshend – Tea – Intolerable (Coercive)

First Continental Congress • Philadelphia: September and October 1774 • Many called for the Suffolk Reserves – Condemn the Coercive acts – Called for colonists to form militias – Ban on imports , exports, and consumption – Would not pay tax until port of Boston was re-opened and Mass government was restored. – Enforced through the committee of correspondence • Plan was more moderate – Condemned Parliament for not allowing colonists the rights and privileges that they enjoy as English subjects – Colonists can chart on course on taxes and internal matters, subject to veto by the king – All acts since 1763 be repealed.

First Continental Congress • Dominion Theory – Colonies not subject to parliament but to the Crown. • Lord North – Conciliatory Resolutions: Taxes only to regulate trade. – Colony could keep taxes generated if they would pay for the military in the colonies

Militias • Colonists began to fortify towns with Minute Men. • Some organizers began to be arrested • April 19 1775: colonists and British faced off in Lexington – 8 colonists were killed • British went on to Concord where militias were supplied – Colonists fired upon the Brits wounding 273 in retreat • Fighting quickly spread – Boston, Vermont, Bunker Hill

Second Continental Congress • Olive Branch Petition- professing loyalty to the king and asking him to end the bloodshed • Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms– Denounced the Lexington bloodshed – Refused independence but said the colonists would resist becoming slaves to the Crown. • Continental Army was declared to support the rights of colonists – This Congress would assume governmental duties – George Washington declared in charge of the Army- Bunker Hill

Choosing Sides • King rejects Olive Branch Petition • Colonists get French as ally • Loyalists – Those loyal to the king – 20% of the colonists • Patriots – Against England – Out numbered the loyalists 5 to 1 – Possible Civil War

Debate Reflections • Explain in your opinion who had the most to gain and who had the most to lose in the Revolutionary War. • Thomas Paine declared that it was Common Sense for America to break with England. Do you think he thought it would take a war if he was calling his article “common sense? ” • Explain what you think should happen to the Loyalists? To the French? Think of this as penalties or awards for their part in the war. • Explain the position of American slaves. Why is this interesting given your knowledge of the institution of slavery after the War?

Independence • Common Sense: Thomas Paine – Tried to show Americans of the Inconsistency of British rule in the colonies • Declaration of Independence – – – Jefferson, Adams, and Franklin Jefferson is primary author Adopted on July 2, 1776 Slavery was at issue in the revisions Natural Rights– government should protect the rights of the people. Locke- Treatise on Government

War with England • The war shifted in geographical focus during the years – New England (1775 -1776) – Middle States (1776 -1778) – Southern States (1778 -1782) • Winter was a time in which the military would leave the battlefield and then return in the Spring – On Christmas 1776, Americans surprised a Hessian garrison by crossing the Delaware River at Trenton. – Raised the American morale

War with England • Saratoga – British found the terrain difficult – American forces led by Horatio Gates defeated the British – After the battle an alliance pact with the French was signed- Treaty of Alliance – French helped Americans with supplies for war • Valley Forge – Troops suffered through brutal winter with the promise of extra pay after the war – Battle(s) in the northern theater only proved to be stalemates at best

End of the War • George Rogers Clark – TO end the “scalping” of Americans by the Indians. Clark and some other frontiersmen surrounded the British and Iroquois. Captured a British garrison • Yorktown – After the British had taken Savannah and Charleston they moved towards Yorktown, Va. – Yorktown was on a peninsula and when the French blocked the British from an ocean escape Yorktown was lost – British set down their arms led by Gen. Cornwallis

Treaty of Paris 1782 • Franklin, Adams, and John Jay • Great Britain recognized American independence with the Miss. River as its western boundary • Fishing rights off of Newfoundland • British troops would leave with all convenient speed • Americans had to compensate the Loyalists for property confiscated before British troops would leave

Treaty of Paris • Native Americans would not recognize America • Slaves got nothing. Britain turned their back

Quiz • Describe the Sugar Act and Townshend Duties and explain how they were similar. • What was the Stamp Act and discuss colonists reactions to this Act? • What was the Tea Act and describe what the Act led the colonists to do? • Discuss the Coercive Acts (all 5 of them)and the reaction made by colonists. • Describe the arguments in some publications about why the colonists should favor independence. • Bonus: Name one US negotiator in the Treaty of Paris

Creating A New Nation Governmental Structures of The United States of America

Precursor of American Government • Ancient Greece and Rome- direct democracy • Magna Carta- listed rights the English monarch could not take away. • European Writers- natural rights- rights people are born with • Montesquieu- separation of powers

Articles of Confederation • • • Loose confederation of states National legislature Each state gets one vote No executive or judicial branches Unicameral Legislation- Confederation Congress • Legislature afraid power would be taken away

Indian Land Cessions 1768 -1799

Accomplishments of the Confederation Congress • Ordinance of 1785 – System of surveying lands – Made townships six square miles and divided them into 36 sections of 640 acres – A family of four could live on 160 acres

Positives of Articles of Confederation • Northwest Ordinance of 1787 – Established the Northwest territory – Established how a territory would become a state – Territory had to get 60, 000 people (5, 000 males) then a state constitution was prepared and petitioned Congress for statehood.

Northwest Ordinance • Led to clashes with Native Americans • Natives were promised that their lands would not be taken • Government did not recognize some tribes and their right to land • Fighting broke out along the Ohio R. with the Shawnee and Miami tribes

Weakness of the Confederation Congress • • Needed nine votes to pass any law Could not tax states or people Could not regulate trade Congress could declare war but could not raise an army • Basically the New Government was State Rule

Writing Assignment • Analyze the effectiveness of the Articles of Confederation. – Strengths – Weaknesses – What should happen to it in the future? ? • With a partner create a plan for revisions of the Articles of Confederation to meet the needs of the people. • Combine into a group of 4 and mesh plans of revision into one working document

Starter • Describe two weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation. • What was the Ordinance of 1785? • What was the Northwest Ordinance of 1787?

Annapolis Convention (1786) 12 representatives from 5 states [NY, NJ, PA, DE, VA] GOAL address barriers that limited trade and commerce between the states. Not enough states were represented to make any real progress. Sent a report to the Congress to call a meeting of all the states to meet in Philadelphia to examine areas broader than just trade and commerce.

Shay’s Rebellion • America was in debt of 160 million after the war • Printed more money on European loans • Inflation skyrocketed • Daniel Shays – – Led 2, 000 men to shutdown courthouses Men were slaughtered by Mass. Militia Did get the Ma. Legislature to lower taxes Calls for a stronger national government to help states began.

• Wholesale Price Index: 1770 -1789

Constitutional Convention • May 1787, 55 delegates from twelve states arrived in Philadelphia • Purpose was to revise the Articles of Confederation • As the convention continued in September of 1787 a new Constitution was in the works • New structure of government

Virginia Plan • James Madison was main author • Called for a bicameral legislature to make laws, treaties, and levy taxes – Representation in both houses based on population – Member of lower house voted by the people – Members of the upper house would be chosen by member of the lower house. Selection would come from nominations from state • No plan for electing an executive – President chosen by Legislature- One term – Execute all laws

New Jersey Plan • William Patterson main author • Large state plan would give power to states. Virginia and New York • Unicameral house of legislature • Power to levy taxes and regulate trade • Members chosen by state legislators and each state gets one vote • Multi-person executive would be elected by the legislature • Laws passed were binding to the states

Connecticut (Great) Compromise • Authored by Roger Sherman • Large states wanted representation based on population • Small states wanted equal representation • Compromise – House of Rep: based on population of a state – Senate: 2 members with equal vote from each state

3/5 ths Compromise • How would slaves be counted in terms of population to send Representatives to the Congress? • Count a slave as 3/5 ths a person for representation and direct tax purpose

Quiz • What were the Articles of Confederation? • Explain the strengths and weaknesses of the Articles. • Explain the difference of the Virginia and New Jersey Plans. • Discuss the Great Compromise. • Explain the 3/5 ths compromise as well as the Northern and Southern response to this compromise.

Quiz • • • Discuss the Virginia Plan Discuss the NJ Plan Explain the Great Compromise Explain the 3/5 ths Compromise How were the Northern and Southern viewpoints of the 3/5 ths compromise different.

Branches of Government • Executive – Election by Congress or people – Electoral college: states choose electors to equal their number of reps in Congress. – Electors would vote for two presidential candidates – Whoever got the most votes was Pres. 2 nd most was VP. • Legislative – Congress with two houses

Branches of Government • Judicial – Supreme Court • Separation of Powers – Government is in the hands of the three branches. – All have different duties • Checks and Balances – Makes sure that one branch does not dominate the others

Federalist • Supporters of the Constitution • Supported a strong federal government • A strong federal government would provide protection, maintain order, regulate trade, and guarantee the rights of citizens. • Ensure the nation’s debt were paid.

Anti-Federalist • Feared that strong central government would endanger the people’s liberties and freedoms • Government was too far from the people. • Fearful of abuse of power

Ratification • Smaller states ratified the Constitution first • New Hampshire became the ninth state to ratify the Constitution however Virginia and New York had not ratified by 1788 • Both ratified after staunch debates in summer of 1788 • Rhode Island was last to ratify in 1790.

US Constitution • First three articles give powers to the branches of government • Article IV gives relations of the states to one another • Article V- Process of Amendment • Article VI- General Provisions • Article VII- Ratification

Essay • Compare and contrast the Articles of Confederation with the US Constitution. • You may refer to the Constitution of the United States of America on p. A 4 in your textbook • Create a chart with comparison criteria to help organize your response • Remember Writing Format for this class – Introduction – Body – Conclusion

Review • Describe – Virginia Plan – New Jersey Plan – Great Compromise – 3/5 th Compromise • Explain the difference between the Federalist and Anti-Federalist

Organizing the New Government The New Nation

George Washington • George Washington sworn in as 1 st President of US April 30, 1789 • First capital was New York City • Bill of Rights – James Madison led committee to add rights for people that had been guaranteed by the states – Most concern was the 1 st Amendment – Part of Anti-Federalist agenda – North Carolina and Rhode Island failed to ratify the Constitution until Bill of Rights was submitted to Congress

Alexander Hamilton

Alexander Hamilton • Secretary of Treasury • Report on Public Credit (1790) – National debt was high after war – Pay the debt by printing new securities and honoring at face value the certificates issued by the Continental Congress – Federal government assume state debts. Assumption – Just pay off interest of debt was sufficient

Hamilton’s Critics • Critics claimed that many had sold their certificates at cheap prices • Current holders would make huge profits • States consented because they would lose debt • Congress passed the report • Report was huge financial success

Hamilton (con’t) • Report on a National Bank – Federally chartered Bank – Handle Federal deposits, make loans to the gov’t and issue paper notes when cash was scarce – Funded by shareholders who could make profit

Hamilton (con’t) • Report on Manufactures – Called for protective tariffs on imports to encourage domestic manufacturing – Congress did not support high tariff – Hamilton got same result by charging duties on goods imported on non. American ships than on American ships

Whiskey Rebellion • Western Pennsylvania farmers movement • Distilled grains into liquor • Excise tax- levied by Hamilton- 25% of value of product • Farmers declared defiance against tax and rioted against tax officials • Militias set out to disperse rebellion • Federal law would be obeyed • Violent protest would not be allowed

Foreign Policy of Washington • Washington’s Neutrality – Isolationist point of view – Would not take sides between France and Great Britain – Britain took American vessels after it was thought US sided with France • Jay’s Treaty – British withdrew from Northwest and allowed for trade in the West Indies • Pinckney's Treaty or San Lorenzo – 31 st parallel as southern boundary of US – Free use of Miss River all the way to New Orleans to avoid duties on products

Pickney’s Treaty

John Adams

Foreign Policy • XYZ affair – Treaty with France not as easy – Election of Adams led the French to fire upon American ships – Americans went to meet with French minister Talleyrand – Refused to meet with them and referred them to unknown agents X, Y, Z – Talleyrand would negotiate with them when he got 250, 000 and France got 12 million – Led to greater hostilities between France and US – Fighting in the Caribbean Ocean.

Domestic Policy • Alien and Sedition Acts – A crime to “combine or conspire to oppose any policy of the United States or to intimidate public officials – Illegal to write, print, utter, or publish anything against the government – Zenger Affair: Colonial era case that materials may be published if are proven true

Domestic Policy • Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions – Jefferson wrote the KY resolution; Madison wrote the VA resolution – Doctrine of Interposition: states had the right to protect citizens by taking a stand against the unconstitutional federal laws – Nullification: right to cancel federal laws that state thought were unacceptable

Exit Pass • Explain assumption bill and why it was controversial. • What is neutrality and why did Washington think we should follow that policy? • Why were the KY and VA resolutions seen as important to the states?