A NATION DIVIDED THE CIVIL WAR 1861 -1865

A NATION DIVIDED THE CIVIL WAR 1861 -1865

Alabama and the Civil War Alabama would contribute military leaders, cabinet officials, troops, munitions and vital supplies to the Confederacy during the Civil War.

On what date did Alabama secede from the union? On January 11, 1861 Alabama would become the 4 th state to leave the Union, its secession convention calling for a meeting of delegates from all Southern states in what city? Montgomery- the capital of Alabama On February 4, 1861 the new provisional government of the Confederate States of America was organized, with Montgomery selected as its temporary seat and who was elected president of the CSA? Jefferson Davis

Alabama and the Civil War In one section of northern Alabama, where antislavery feeling was strong, there was a movement to form a pro-Union state. What was one of the counties in Alabama that did not succeeded from the union at the start of the Civil War? Winston County – Was known as the “Free State of Winston” Why were some northern Alabamians against secession? Northern Alabamians did not depend as much on cotton and thus held fewer slaves. Were not threatened by abolitions.

Other areas against secession East Tennessee n Rabun County in Georgia n Ozark Mountains in Arkansas n Jones County Mississippi n Western and Central North Carolina n Western counties of Virginia n

Turchin’s Raid of Athens (Athens) Limestone would be the first county in Alabama to be invaded by the North. In the spring of 1862, Union forces under a Russian-born Union officer named Ivan Turchinov (later named John B. Turchin) captured Athens, the wealthy county seat of Limestone County.

Turchin burned homes, robbed, and committed such chaos and damage that General Don Carlos Buell of the Union Army called Turchin’s raid of Athens a case of undisputed atrocity and Turchin was courtmartialed and sentenced to be dismissed from the army. Then for some unexplained reason, the case was dropped and he was promoted to brigadier general.

n At the beginning of hostilities Alabama state troops would seize forts at the entrance of Mobile Bay and the Union arsenal at Mount Vernon.

n n n There was no real fighting in the state early in the war but in 1862 invading Federal forces held sizable areas. To resist the invasion, almost every white Alabamian old enough to carry a gun enlisted in the Confederate Army. Some 2, 500 white men and 10, 000 blacks had already enlisted in the Union Army.

n n Alabama supplied, most of the iron used by the Confederacy, with an average annual output of 40, 000 tons during the 4 years of the war. The state would furnish the Confederate Army with some 60 -65 regiments of infantry, 12 -15 regiments of cavalry, and over 20 batteries of artillery.

The South moved the capital from Montgomery, Alabama to where? Richmond Virginia Why was the capital moved to Richmond? 1. Location might persuade states along the North-South border to secede. 2. Virginia had more developed industry than Alabama. 3. Richmond’s location near Washington, D. C. placed it closer to the sites of anticipated battles easing communication between Confederate generals in the field and their government.

Generals from Alabama LTG James Longstreetmost prominent general from Alabama. Lee’s most Confederate General James trusted lieutenant in the Longstreet Army of Northern Virginia. 1821 - 1904

James Longstreet was born on January 8, 1821 in Edgefield District, South Carolina, the son Of planter James and Mary Ann (Dent) Longstreet. His father died when James was twelve. Although he was born in South Carolina, Longstreet considered Georgia his home.

n n “Fighting’ Joe” Wheeler Took part in more than 500 skirmishes and commanded in 127 battles. Almost constantly engaged in combat was wounded 3 times and had 16 horses shot from under him. Jefferson Davis praised him by saying “ one of the ablest, bravest and most skillful of cavalry commanders. ”

At the start of the war in 1861, Wheeler resigned from the U. S. Army to join the Confederate States Army. He was ordered to Huntsville, Alabama to take command of the newly formed 19 th Alabama Infantry Regiment, which he led into battle at Shiloh in April 1862. Wheeler later transferred to the cavalry and rose to the rank of Major General. Nicknamed "Fighting Joe", Wheeler was considered by General Robert E. Lee to be one of the two most outstanding Confederate cavalry leaders and saw action in many campaigns, including opposing William T. Sherman's advance on Atlanta.

Nathan Bedford Forrest (July 13, 1821 – October 29, 1877), was a Confederate general and perhaps the American Civil War's most highly regarded cavalry and partisan ranger (guerrilla leader).

n n Forrest is regarded by many military historians as the war's most innovative and successful general. His tactics of mobile warfare still studied by modern soldiers. After the war, Forrest's reputation suffered due to allegations of brutality in the Battle of Fort Pillow, as well as his role as the first Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan.

Forrest Takes a Hostage On the last day of Shiloh, Nathan Bedford Forrest led his men in a reckless charge against Sherman. Outdistancing his men, he soon found himself surrounded by Yankee troops. So, he grabbed a small one to use as a shield while he shot himself out of trouble.

Other Generals n n n BG James H. Clanton MG Henry De. Lamar Clayton BG W. W. Allen BG W. F. Perry BG Danville Leadbetter BG James T. Holtzclaw BG George D. Johnston BG James Cantey BG Alpheus Baker BG Young M. Moody BG Archibald Gracie BG Z. C Deas

Other important Alabamians who helped the Confederac

Josiah Gorgas (July 1, 1818 – May 15, 1883) was one of the few Northern-born Confederate generals in the American Civil War. As chief of ordnance, he managed to keep the Confederate armies supplied with weapons and ammunition, despite the Union blockade and even though the South had hardly any munitions industry before the war began. He kept diaries during the Civil War, which are now a popular subject of study for historians.

Emma Sansom

n Emma Sansom (June 2, 1847 – August 9, 1900) was an Alabama farm girl noted for her bravery during the American Civil War.

Raphael Semmes (September 27, 1809 – August 30, 1877) was an officer in the United States Navy from 1826 to 1860 and the Confederate States Navy from 1860 to 1865. During the American Civil War he was captain of the famous commerce raider CSS Alabama, taking a record fifty-five prizes. Late in the war he was promoted to Admiral and also served briefly as a Brigadier General in the Confederate States Army.

Monitor/Merrimack (Ironclads) These ironclad ships could splinter wooden ships and withstand cannon fire and resist burning. n General Grant used four ironclad ships when he captured Ft. Henry and Ft. Donelson. n On March the 9, 1862 the North’s Monitor and the South’s Merrimack fought a historical duel. n

n The engagement, known as the Battle of Hampton Roads, was part of a Confederate effort to break the Union blockade of Southern ports, including Norfolk and Richmond, Virginia, that had been imposed at the start of the war.

CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WAR Northern Aggression The causes of the war were complex. 1 st cause. Slavery- abolitionist in the North said that slavery was wrong and should be abolished. Today that is true. Thus led to the fight of slavery begin right or wrong and even as far as Biblical passages begin quoted. The establishment of colonies outside for the slaves.

2 nd cause. Sectionalism- This was a war between sections (North) the national government and the (South). All started when the Northern sections won control of the Congress and the presidency. The South felt threatened. Started also over the West as well when a new state came in either as a slave or free state.

3 rd cause. Came from the different economic interests of the North and the South. Owners of factories and banks in the Northeast favored economic measures which were strongly opposed by the Southern farmers. Example the tariff the national banking system placed on farmers. It was totally different from those on manufacturers.

4 th cause. This was a difference in theory as to the nature of our constitutional system. The Union had not created the states but the states had created the Union. So the Southern states felt they had a right to leave the Union. Northern states argued that states could not secede.

“Whatever may be the result of the contest, I foresee that the country will have to pass through a terrible ordeal… for our national sins. ”

Facts about the Civil War 38 Union Generals Born in the South n 33 Southern Generals Born in the North n 11 Confederate States n 19 loyal states in 1861 n 16 major officers whose families were divided by the war n 23 West Point classmates fought in the war. n 10 year old youngest to be in war-Johnny Clem of Newark, Ohio Drummer Boy n

Choosing Sides

n n n Many Northerners and Southerners had to choose which side they would join. Eventually 313 officers or about 1/3 of the total Army at the time resigned to join the Confederacy. These officers enabled the South to organize and effective fighting force quickly, as did the strong military traditions in the South. In the 1860 the United States had eight military colleges in the South so the South had a large number of trained officers.

The idol of the South to this day, Virginian Robert E. Lee had some difficulty in adjusting to the new form of warfare that unfolded with the Civil war, but this did not prevent him from keeping the Union armies in Virginia at bay for almost three years. West Point and graduated second in his class. During his four years at the military academy he did not earn a single demerit and served as the cadet corps' adjutant. Upon his 1829 graduation he was posted to the engineers.

What were the Advantages and Disadvantages North South

North Advantage’s n n 4 times as many citizens. Had more people to grow food and work in factories. Had more than 70% of the railroads. Had a strong navy and a large fleet of private trading ships.

North’s Disadvantage’s n n Northern soldiers had to conquer a huge area to bring the South back into the Union. They were invading unfamiliar land.

South’s Advantage n n n Defending their homeland gave them a strong reason to fight. Had skills that made them good soldiers Many of the best officers in the United States were from the South

South’s Disadvantage’s n n Had few factories to produce weapons, railroad tracts, and other supplies. Had few railroads to move troops and vital supplies. The South had a small population, about 9 million. lived in the Confederacy and 22 million in the Union. More than 1/3 rd of the population was enslaved; therefore they had fewer people that could be soldiers.

Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall" Jackson

Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall" Jackson January 21[1], 1824 – May 10, 1863) was a Confederate general during the American Civil War. He is most famous for his audacious Valley Campaign of 1862 and as a corps commander in the Army of Northern Virginia under General Robert E. Lee. His own troops accidentally shot him at the battle of Chancellorsville and he died of complications from an amputated arm and pneumonia several days later.

n n First Bull Run Jackson rose to prominence and earned his nickname at the First Battle of Bull Run (known by Southerners as First Manassas) in July 1861. As the Confederate lines began to crumble under heavy Union assault, Jackson's brigade provided crucial reinforcements on Henry House Hill. Brig. Gen. Barnard Elliott Bee, Jr. , exhorted his own troops to reform by shouting, "There stands Jackson like a stone wall. Rally behind the Virginians!" There is some controversy over Bee's statement and intent.

n General Irwin Mc. Dowell Civil War actions at Bull Run twice almost brought the military career of Irvin Mc. Dowell to an inglorious end.

Battle Of Manassas/Bull Run n During the summer of 1861, Confederate troop were camping along a stream named Bull Run near Manassas Junction, Virginia. On July 21, 1861, Union General Irwin Mc. Dowell moved 31, 000 troops across Bull Run. At first he was successful in pushing back the Confederate troops, but then they encountered General Thomas Jackson and a group of Virginia soldiers.

His soldiers were inspired by his leadership and also held their ground. n The Union soldiers fought well at first, but the Confederate troops were better organized and defeated them. n This was the first battle of the Civil War. n Bull Run was located near Manassas, Virginia, a town about 25 miles west of Washington. n

Hundreds of people had traveled on horseback and in carriages to watch the Union troops defeat the Confederacy. n When the Union troops retreated toward Washington, they ran into hundreds of onlookers. n Soon panic stricken soldiers and civilians started running together, and they stopped only when they reached the Potomac River. n

The Attack on Fort Sumter (April 12 -13, 1861)

Pierre Gustave Toutant de Beauregard (BO-rih-gahrd) (May 28, 1818 – February 20, 1893), best known as a general for the Confederate Army during the American Civil War, was also a writer, civil servant, and inventor. He was the first prominent Confederate general, commanding the defenses of Charleston, South Carolina, for the Battle of Fort Sumter, and was the victor at the First Battle of Bull Run.

Major Robert Anderson n April 18, 1861 --10. 30 a. m. --via New York Having defended Fort Sumter for thirtyfour hours, until the quarters were entirely burned, the main gates destroyed by fire, the gorge walls seriously injured, the magazine surrounded by flames, and its door closed from the effects of heat, four barrels and three cartridges of powder only being available, and no provisions remaining but pork, I accepted terms of evacuation offered by General Beauregard, being the same offered by him on the 11 th instant, prior to the commencement of hostilities, and marched out of the fort Sunday afternoon, the 14 th instant, with colors flying and drums beating, bringing away company and private property, and saluting my flag with fifty guns.

Dixie I wish I was in the land of cotton, old times there are not forgotten, Look away, look away, Dixie land. In Dixie land where I was born in, early on a frosty mornin', Look away, look away, Dixie land. Chorus: Then I wish I was in Dixie, hooray! Hooray! In Dixie land I'll take my stand, to live and die in Dixie, Away, away, away down south in Dixie. Old Missus marry Will de Weaber, Will-yum was a gay deceaber, Look away, look away, Dixie land. But when he put his arm around her, smiled as fierce as a forty pounder. Look away, look away, Dixie land. (Chorus) n Dars buckwheat cakes an' ingen batter, makes you fat or a little fatter, Look away, look away, Dixie land. Den hoe it down and scratch your grabble to Dixie's land I'm bound to travel, Look away, look away Dixie land. (Chorus)

Dixie", also known as "I Wish I Was in Dixie", "Dixie's Land", and by other titles, is a popular American song. It is one of the most distinctively American musical products of the 19 th century, [1] and probably the bestknown song to have come out of blackface minstrelsy. [2] Although not a folk song at its creation, "Dixie" has since entered the American folk vernacular. The song likely cemented the word "Dixie" in the American vocabulary as a synonym for the Southern United States.

Most sources credit Ohio-born Daniel Decatur Emmett with the song's composition; however many other people have claimed to have composed "Dixie", even during Emmett's lifetime. Compounding the problem of definitively establishing the song's authorship are Emmett's own confused accounts of its writing, and his tardiness in having "Dixie" copyrighted.

The Battle Hymn of the Republic" is a patriotic anthem, written by Julia Ward Howe, that was made popular during the American Civil War. The original words and music were written in 1853 by South Carolinian William Steffe. It was alternately called "Canaan's Happy Shore" or "Brothers, Will You Meet Me? " and was sung as a campfire spiritual. The tune spread across the United States, taking on many sets of new lyrics.

What is a bounty and who used the idea? A sum of money given as a bonus to individuals who promised 3 years of military service. Union Idea. Do we give bounties today?

Naval War What did the Navy do to stop the South from transporting goods and soldiers on the waterway? Blockades How did the South get by the blockades? Blockade runners what were they? Faster and smaller vessels. When did they perform these missions? At night

David G. Farragut Union Naval Commander David Glasgow Farragut (July 5, 1801 – August 14, 1870) was the senior officer of the U. S. Navy during the American Civil War. He was the first rear admiral, vice admiral, and full admiral of the Navy. He is remembered in popular culture for his famous order at the Battle of Mobile Bay, "

War in the West

Western Theater in early 1862 ██ Confederate ██ Union

Ulysses S. Grant (born Hiram Ulysses Grant, April 27, 1822 – July 23, 1885) was an American general and politician who was elected as the 18 th President of the United States(1869– 1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the Civil War.

After service in the Mexican-American War, an undistinguished peacetime military career, and a series of unsuccessful civilian jobs, Grant proved highly successful in training new recruits in 1861. His capture of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson in February 1862 marked the first major Union victories of the Civil War and opened up prime avenues of invasion to the South. Surprised and nearly defeated at Shiloh (April 1862), he fought back and took control of most of western Kentucky and Tennessee

His great achievement in 1862 -63 was to seize control of the Mississippi River by defeating a series of uncoordinated Confederate armies and by capturing Vicksburg in July 1863. After a victory at Chattanooga in late 1863, Abraham Lincoln made him general-in-chief of all Union armies.

Battle of Shiloh April 6 - 7, 1862

There will be no fighting at Pittsburgh Landing; we will have to go to Corinth" -- Brigadier General Ulysses S. Grant, USA Isn't it strange that a battle as bloody as the battle at Shiloh would begin on a Sunday morning and be named for a country church near the battlefield. The Union soldiers weren't prepared for the charge of their Confederate brothers. Many of the Union troops were untrained and undisciplined, but as in so many battles of war, mundane events served to alter the future.

Confederate Losses Killed Wounded Captured/Missing 1, 732 8, 012 959 Union Losses Killed 1, 754 Wounded 8, 408 Captured/Missing 2, 885

April 6 – April 7, 1862 Location Hardin County, Tennessee Result Union Victory Commanders Ulysses S. Grant Don Carlos Buell. Albert Sidney Johnston P. G. T. Beauregard

Strength Army of West Tennessee (48, 894) and Army of the Ohio (17, 918) Army of Mississippi (44, 699) n Casualties 13, 047 (1, 754 killed, 8, 408 wounded, 2, 885 captured/missing) 10, 694 (1, 723 killed, 8, 012 wounded, 959 captured/missing) n

Vicksburg Mississippi Civil War May 18 -July 4, 1863

Confederate troops surrendered Vicksburg on July 4, 1863 a crucial port and rail depot for the South was lost.

n n In a series of brilliant maneuvers, Union Major General Ulysses S. Grant and his Army of the Tennessee crossed the Mississippi River and drove the Confederate army of Lieutenant General John C. Pemberton into defensive lines surrounding the fortress city of Vicksburg, Mississippi. Grant besieged the city, which surrendered six weeks later, yielding command of the Mississippi River to the Union.

Battle of Franklin Campaign: Franklin-Nashville Campaign (1864) n Date(s): November 30, 1864 n Principal Commanders: Maj. Gen. John M. Schofield [US]; Gen. John B. Hood [CS] n Forces Engaged: IV and XXIII Army Corps (Army of the Ohio and Cumberland) [US]; Army of Tennessee [CS] n Estimated Casualties: 8, 587 total (US 2, 326; CS 6, 261) Result(s): Union victory n

Battle of Murfreesboro n n n n Other Names: Wilkinson Pike, Cedars Location: Rutherford County Campaign: Franklin-Nashville Campaign (1864) Date(s): December 5 -7, 1864 Principal Commanders: Maj. Gen. Lovell H. Rousseau and Brig. Gen. Robert Milroy [US]; Maj. Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest [CS] Forces Engaged: District of Tennessee (forces in Murfreesboro area; approx. 8, 000) [US]; Forrest’s Cavalry, Bate's Infantry Division, and Brig. Gen. Claudius Sears’s and Brig. Gen. Joseph B. Palmer’s Infantry Brigades (6, 500 -7, 000) [CS] Estimated Casualties: 422 total (US 225; CS 197)

War in the East

Seven Days’ Battle Confederate victory The Seven Days Battles was a series of six major battles over the seven days from June 25 to July 1, 1862, near Richmond, Virginia, in the American Civil War. Confederate General Robert E. Lee drove the invading Union Army of the Potomac, commanded by Major General George B. Mc. Clellan, away from Richmond and into a retreat down the Virginia Peninsula. The series of battles is sometimes known erroneously as the Seven Days Campaign, but it was actually the culmination of the Peninsula Campaign, not a separate campaign in its own right.

Second Battle of Bull Run Confederate victory The Second Battle of Bull Run, or the Second Battle of Manassas, was waged between August 28 and August 30, 1862, as part of the American Civil War. It was the culmination of an offensive campaign waged by Confederate General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia against Union Major General John Pope's Army of Virginia, and a battle of much larger scale and numbers than the First Battle of Bull Run.

Bloodiest One Battle Commanders The Battle of Antietam (also known as the Battle of Sharpsburg, particularly in the George B. Mc. Clellan Robert E. Lee South), fought on September 17, 1862, near Sharpsburg, Maryland Antietam Creek, as part of the Maryland Casualties Campaign, was the first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Northern 12, 401 (2, 108 killed, 10, 316 (1, 546 9, 540 wounded, 753 killed, soil. It was the bloodiest captured/missing) 7, 752 single-day battle in wounded, American history, with 1, 018 almost 23, 000 casualties. captured/ missing)

emancipation proclamation Nevertheless, Lee's invasion of Maryland was ended and he was able to withdraw his army back to Virginia without interference from the cautious Mc. Clellan. Although the battle was tactically inconclusive, it had unique significance as enough of a victory to give President Abraham Lincoln the confidence to announce his Emancipation Proclamation. What is the Emancipation Proclamation?

Army Life in the Civil War

Housing Camps were packed with tents housing 5 or 6 men. This is a Federal, or Union, encampment at Cumberland Landing, Virginia

Log cabins were used in winter months to provide insulation from the cold. This picture shows Confederate winter quarters at Centreville, Virginia

The Union army also used log cabins in winter months. Chimneys would be built for a fire to keep warm. The picture shows an officers' winter quarters at the Army of the Potomac headquarters.

Cooking and Eating Most cooking occurred on an outdoor fire. In the early days of the war freed slaves were not allowed to carry a rifle and fight. They were often given the role of cook or other similar jobs. This picture shows an African American army cook at work

Food And Rations In The Civil War Contrary to popular thinking, the average soldier in the Civil War seldom went hungry. True, he did not always have fresh vegetables, fresh eggs, roast beef, baked potatoes, and soft bread, but he did not starve. Late in the war the Confederates often did without many meals, but this was late in the war.

The basic rations of both armies consisted of four items. These were hardbread, beef, beans and coffee

Hardbread- Hardtack, It was little more than flour and water. Still it was the second basic food of both the North and the South. Beans. The next basic food. Not the canned Boston baked beans we know today, but dried, white navy beans. Generally they were soaked overnight if at all possible, in fact, they were cooked overnight if at all possible. In half raw form they are something to remind one of the "Georgia Militia" verse of Goober Peas. Fifteen pounds of peas or beans were issued with every hundred rations to troops in garrison.

Beef. The third staple of all troops. Generally, by the time they got it, it had been salted, but with any major troop movement, there was always a herd of cattle driven along with it, by hired drovers or by the soldiers themselves. In this way the beeves could be slaughtered as they were needed. Unfortunately, it was not always possible to have fresh beef along, so salt beef or salt pork was used. The hit or miss methods used by many army meat contractors - meat purveyors - did little to enhance their prestige, and did a whole lot to increase the burden of medical orderlies and regimental surgeons. How many men became ill or died from eating bad beef will never be known, but it is an established fact that there were a lot more casualties from illness than from enemy action.

Coffee. There is not record of exactly what type of coffee was issued to the Northern troops. Neither the Library of Congress nor Official Records give any clue, other than the fact that the North bought the very best coffee it could buy. The South bought anything it could buy. Coffee was really more important to the average soldier than anything else he could beg, borrow, or steal. It got him up in the morning and put him to bed at night.

The Civil War is said to be the first true modern war. n n n This conflict brought forth the use of the first air force (hot air balloons) and machine guns (the rarely used Gatling gun). The War was also the first to be reported and presented with photography. In addition, it was the first total war, meaning war was not only inflicted on soldiers, but civilians, land cities as well.

Women of the Civil War More important than, perhaps, any characteristics is the role that women played in this terrible four year conflict.

Unlike any war prior, women played an enormous part in the family and home life of soldiers, and they had a significant hand in how the War progressed and eventually ended.

With the men running off left and right to sign up for the cause, women were left behind to carry out the man's duties at home. n As the War progressed, many women of the South had to take on the work of the slaves who had either been freed, or run away. n

Women saw the War as an opportunity to be leaders in the fight for abolition and equality. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony were organizers of the National Women's Loyalty League which called for a constitutional amendment to end slavery.

They fought for the woman's right to vote, argued against differences in pay between men and women in manufacturing jobs, and fought for the absolute right to be nurses in the effort to ease the pain that this War was inflicting.

In addition to all this, women went as far as to be spies and soldiers for both sides. n Knowing that women were not able by law to enlist as soldiers, some disguised themselves as men and served in both the Union and Confederate Armies. n

Other women decided that being a spy was the best way to serve, and there were dozens of Southern, female spies in Washington, DC. as well as one Northerner being in the Confederate White House.

The United States Sanitary Commission, organized by the women of the North, ran kitchens, distributed medical supplies and inspected army camps to insure a standard of cleanliness. Also Elizabeth Blackwell became first female physician.

Probably the most significant role of women was nursing. n Thousands of women at the War's outset left their homes to take care of dying soldiers. n At first, many men were angered by this new role, and felt that it was unlady-like for women to care for naked and enlisted men n

n Over 3, 000 Union women became unpaid nurses during the conflict, and Dorthea Dix, appointed head of the nursing corps, went unpaid for the entire four years at her post.

Southern nurses were equally as vital to their cause setting up the largest, most efficient hospital on either side in Richmond, Virginia. Kate Cummins of Alabama served as a nurse following the Battle of Shiloh.

It was the women, however, who were the lifelines of the Union and Confederacy. n It was the women who tended the wounded tirelessly, ensured sanitary conditions and fought for causes that men were unable and possibly unwilling to fight for. n The women's role in the Civil War is just as significant as the man's. n

Woman Spies in the Civil War: Belle Boyd n Belle was one of the best Confederacy Woman Spies. She spied for the Confederacy by caring important letters and papers across the enemy lines. She served in Shenandoah Valley. Belle Boyd was born in Martinsburg which is now a part of West Virginia.

Elizabeth Van Lew n Elizabeth was different from the other woman spies because she used neither charm nor beauty to get her military information. Instead she used other techniques to get what she wanted.

Elizabeth was asked to be allowed to visit Union prisoners held by the Confederates in Richmond and began taking them cloths, food, and medicines. While she was there she realized that many of the prisoners had been on the Confederate lines so they had really valuable information about the movements. Elizabeth began her spying in the North for the next four years, she was setting up networks of couriers and making up codes. For all of her hard work she was made Postmaster of Richmond by General Grant.

"Wild Rose", as she was called from a young age, was a leader in Washington society, a passionate secessionist, and one of the most renowned spies in the Civil War. Among her accomplishments was the secret message she sent to General Pierre G. T. Beauregard which ultimately caused him to win the battle of Bull Run. She spied so successfully for the Confederacy that Jefferson Davis credited her with winning the battle of Manassas. Rose O'Neal Greenhow

battle of gettysburg The Battle of Gettysburg (July 1 – July 3, 1863), fought in and around the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, as part of the Gettysburg Campaign, was the bloodiest battle of the American Civil War and is frequently cited as the war's turning point. Union Major General George G. Meade's Army of the Potomac defeated attacks by Confederate General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia, ending Lee's invasion of the North.

Date July 1 – July 3, 1863 Location Adams County, Pennsylvania Result Union victory Combatants United States of America (Union) Confederate States of America Commanders George G. Meade Robert E. Lee Strength: Union 93, 921 Confederate 71, 699 Casualties Union 23, 055 (3, 155 killed, 14, 531 wounded, 5, 369 captured/missing) Confederate 22, 231 (4, 708 killed, 12, 693 wounded, 5, 830 captured/missing)

n On the second day of battle, most of both armies had assembled. The Union line was laid out resembling a fishhook. Lee launched a heavy assault on the Union left flank and fierce fighting raged at Little Round Top, the Wheatfield, Devil's Den, and the Peach Orchard. On the Union right, demonstrations escalated into full-scale assaults on Culp's Hill and Cemetery Hill. Across the battlefield, despite significant losses, the Union defenders held their lines.

On the third day of battle, July 3, fighting resumed on Culp's Hill and cavalry battles raged to the east and south, but the main event was a dramatic infantry assault by 15, 000 (lost 7, 000 in ½ hour) Confederates against the center of the Union line on Cemetery Ridge. Pickett’s Charge was repulsed by Union rifle and artillery fire at great losses to the Confederate army. Lee led his army on a torturous retreat back to Virginia. Between 46, 000 and 51, 000 Americans were casualties in the three-day battle.

"The Harvest of Death": Union dead on the battlefield at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, photographed July 5 or July 6, 1863,

Unfinished Confederate grave near the center of battle-field of Gettysburg

Sherman's March to the Sea is the name commonly given to the Savannah Campaign, conducted in late 1864 by Major General William Tecumseh Sherman of the Union Army during the American Civil War. The campaign began with General Sherman's troops leaving the captured city of Atlanta, Georgia, on November 15, 1864, and ended with the capture of the port of Savannah on December 22.

n Sherman's March to the Sea followed his successful Atlanta Campaign of May to September 1864. He and U. S. Army commander Ulysses S. Grant believed that the Civil War would end only if the Confederacy's strategic, economic, and psychological capacity for warfare were decisively broken.

Sherman therefore applied the principles of scorched earth, ordering his troops to burn crops, kill livestock, consume supplies, and destroy civilian infrastructure along their path. n This policy is often also referred to as total war. The recent reelection of President Abraham Lincoln ensured that short-term political pressure would not be applied to restrain these tactics. n

A second objective of the campaign was more traditional. Grant's armies in Virginia continued to be in a stalemate against Robert E. Lee's army, besieged in Petersburg. By moving in Lee's rear, performing a massive turning movement against him, Sherman could possibly increase pressure on Lee, allowing Grant the opportunity to break through, or at least keep Southern reinforcements away from Virginia.

n The campaign was designed to be similar to Grant's innovative and successful Vicksburg Campaign, in that Sherman's armies would reduce their need for traditional supply lines by "living off the land" after their 20 days of rations were consumed.

n Foragers, known as "bummers", would provide food seized from local farms for the Army while they destroyed the railroads and the manufacturing and agricultural infrastructure of the state.

n The twisted and broken railroad rails that the troops wrapped around tree trunks and left behind became known as "Sherman's neckties".

n Sherman telegraphed to President Lincoln, "I beg to present you as a Christmas gift the City of Savannah, with one hundred and fifty guns and plenty of ammunition, also about twenty-five thousand bales of cotton. "

From Savannah, Sherman would march north in the spring through the Carolinas, intending to complete his turning movement and combine his armies with Grant's against Robert E. Lee. n After a successful two-month campaign, General Joseph E. Johnston surrendered his forces to Sherman in North Carolina on April 26, 1865. n

Sherman's scorched earth policies has always been highly controversial, and Sherman's memory has long been reviled by many natives of Georgia, but slaves, many of whom left their plantations to follow his armies, welcomed him as a liberator. n The March to the Sea is considered by many historians to have demonstrated Sherman's superb command of military strategy, and his commitment to destroying the Confederacy's ability to wage further war may well have hastened the end of the conflict. n

The Surrender At Appomattox Court House April 9, 1865

n On April 9, 1865 after four years of Civil War, approximately 630, 000 deaths and over 1 million casualties, General Robert E. Lee surrendered the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia to Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant, at the home of Wilmer and Virginia Mc. Lean in the town of Appomattox Court House , Virginia. General Lee arrived at the Mclean home shortly after 1: 00 p. m. followed a half hour later by General Grant.

The meeting lasted approximately an hour and a half. n The surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia allowed the Federal Government to bring increased pressure to bear in other parts of the south and would result in the surrender of the remaining field armies of the Confederacy over the next few months. n

the terms n n Lieutenant General U. S. Grant wrote the terms for the surrender of the Confederate States Army of Northern Virginia in the form of a letter from himself to General Lee. The terms of the letter were generous and would allow the former Confederates to return home feeling that they had been treated with respect and dignity.

THE GENTLEMEN'S AGREEMENT n n Lee had sent a letter to Grant requesting a meeting to discuss his army's surrender and this letter overtook Grant and his party just before noon about four miles west of Walker's Church (present-day Hixburg). Grant, who had been suffering from a severe headache, later remembered that upon reading Lee's letter the pain in his head had disappeared. He stopped to prepare his reply to Lee, writing that he would push to the front to meet him. The location of the meeting was left to Lee's discretion.

Abraham Lincoln Assassination

John Wilkes Booth Lincoln's assassination was part of a wider plot planned by John Wilkes Booth and his coconspirators. n In addition to Booth's act, his henchmen planned to assassinate Vice President Andrew Johnson and Secretary of State William Seward. n

While the plan to assassinate the vice president was never carried out, Seward was attacked at his home. n Four conspirators were hung for their crimes, and Booth was shot to death by an officer who discovered him nearly two weeks after Lincoln's assassination. n

Others involved in Lincoln’s Assassination

n On the evening of April 14, 1865, while attending a special performance of the comedy, "Our American Cousin, " President Abraham Lincoln was shot. Accompanying him at Ford's Theater that night were his wife, Mary Todd Lincoln, a twenty-eight year-old officer named Major Henry R. Rathbone, and Rathbone's fiancee, Clara Harris. After the play was in progress, a figure with a drawn derringer pistol stepped into the presidential box, aimed, and fired. The president slumped forward.

n n The assassin, John Wilkes Booth, dropped the pistol and waved a dagger. Rathbone lunged at him, and though slashed in the arm, forced the killer to the railing. Booth leapt from the balcony and caught the spur of his left boot on a flag draped over the rail, and shattered a bone in his leg on landing. Though injured, he rushed out the back door, and disappeared into the night on horseback. A doctor in the audience immediately went upstairs to the box.

The bullet had entered through Lincoln's left ear and lodged behind his right eye. n He was paralyzed and barely breathing. n He was carried across Tenth Street, to a boarding-house opposite theater, but the doctors' best efforts failed. n Nine hours later, at 7: 22 AM on April 15 th, Lincoln died. n

At almost the same moment Booth fired the fatal shot, his accomplice, Lewis Paine, attacked Lincoln's Secretary of State, William Henry Seward. n Seward lay in bed, recovering from a carriage accident. Paine entered the mansion, claiming to have a delivery of medicine from the Secretary's doctor. n Seward's son, Frederick, was brutally beaten while trying to keep Paine from his father's door. n

Paine slashed the Secretary's throat twice, then fought his way past Seward's son Augustus, an attending hospital corps veteran, and a State Department messenger. n Paine escaped into the night, believing his deed complete. n However, a metal surgical collar saved Seward from certain death. n The Secretary lived another seven years, during which he retained his seat with the Johnson administration, and purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867. n

There were at least four conspirators in addition to Booth involved in the mayhem. n Booth was shot and captured while hiding in a barn near Bowling Green, Virginia, and died later the same day, April 26, 1865. n Four co-conspirators, Paine, George Atzerodt, David Herold, and Mary Surratt, were hanged at the gallows of the Old Penitentiary, on the site of present-day Fort Mc. Nair, on July 7, 1865. n

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