A Brief Look at Japan in the 1800 s to 1900 s https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=UI-4 f. UL 0 Vo 0 https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Kscc. JZt. UNe 8
Do you remember? Under the Tokugawa Emperor, the Japanese shoguns had chosen a policy of isolationism in the early 1600 s. § Foreigners were kicked out of Japan, Christian Japanese were persecuted, and Japanese were “prohibited” from leaving. }
Japan Before Modernization } } } Before the late 17 th century Japan had virtually no contact with industrialized nations. They traded with China, Korea, and some Dutch traders from Indonesia, but otherwise they were shut off from the rest of the world. Japan was under the rule of Tokugawa shoguns, and they had a strictly ordered society. Shoguns distributed land to landlords. Peasants worked for the landlords and were protected by them and their samurai. Women were very restricted, their duty was to remain in the home and raise sons. Japanese society was very restrictive, but they were prosperous and had a peaceful life.
Review Of Japanese Social Structure Emperor Shogun Daimyo Samurai Farmers Artisans Merchants CHOICES: Samurai, Shogun, Farmers, Merchants, Daimyo, Artisans, Emperor Back to Feudal Japan Back to “If not Shogun”
} JAPAN’S CLOSED COUNTRY EDICT OF 1635 1. Japanese ships are strictly forbidden to leave foreign countries. 2. No Japanese is permitted to go abroad. If there is anyone who attempts to do so secretly, he must be executed. 3. If any Japanese returns from overseas after residing there, he must be put to death. 4. If there is any place where the teachings of the [Catholic] priests is practiced, there must be a thorough investigation. 5. If there any Barbarians who propagate the teachings of the priests, or otherwise commit crimes, they may be incarcerated in the prison. . 6. All incoming ships must be carefully searched for the followers of the priests.
§ Outside powers threatened Japan After the defeat of the Chinese by the British (1830 s) & a growing presence of European and U. S. warships (1850 s) Japanese leaders “decided” to sign trade treaties and open Japan to outsiders.
Demands of Foreign Trade Like China in the early 19 th centuries western countries were trying to convince Japan to open their ports and trade. } Unlike China, Japan completely refused to trade with anyone. } In 1853 Commodore Matthew Perry of the US navy showed up in one of Japan’s harbors with four ships. } The Japanese were awed by these ships and realized their samurai and methods of defense were completely outdated. }
The Letter Commodore Perry came to Japan to bring a letter from President Fillmore, politely asking Japan to begin trading. } Perry said he would return in a year, with an even larger fleet to receive Japan’s reply. } This led to Japan signing the Treaty of Kanagawa in 1854 which opened two ports, and let the US set up an embassy in Japan. } This led to extraterritorial rights and more foreigners in the country by the 1860’s. }
Here’s The Real Deal Perry returned in 1854. This time he appeared with seven ships - four sailing ships, three steamers – and 1600 men. The Black Ships!
What was the Outcome of Perry’s Visit? In 1854 the _________ ( ) was signed which Treaty of Kanagawa established: 1. "permanent" friendship between the two countries; 2. proper treatment for shipwrecked Americans; 3. fuel for American ships; 4. two ports opened for trade. Result: The signing of this treaty signaled the end of Japanese ____. isolation
Tokugawa rulers were overthrown. . . § The threat from outsiders and a desire for change unified many provincial leaders who joined together & overthrew the Tokugawa rulers, and began the Meiji period (or Meiji Restoration)
Fall of Tokugawa Shogunate Reasons for the fall: q Samurai upset at “surrendering” to Westerners. q Treaty of Kanagawa viewed as unfavorable to the Japanese. q Tokugawa Shogunate seen as weak for ending 250 years of isolation. q Some Daimyo saw this as an opportunity to change the social structure. The Last Shogun, Tokugawa Yoshinobu
Japan Reforms The Japanese people were } angry that their country had been given over to foreigner’s demands. } People began to put their support in Emperor Mutsuhito, because he appealed to people’s pride and nationalism. } In 1867 the Tokugawa shogun stepped down, and this allowed Mutsuhito to create a new government. } Mutsuhito named his new government Meiji which means enlightened rule. } Mutsuhito was 15 when he took over. He ruled from 1867 – 1912 and this was known as the Meiji Era.
Japan transformed itself into a major industrial and military power 1868 - 1912
Meiji Era The emperor realized that the best way to oppose western ways was to modernize. } All land was given to the emperor, and owned by him. } Representatives were sent to foreign countries to study their ways. The Japanese chose what they believed were the best societies and militaries and modeled themselves based off that. }
Emergence of the Emperor The Shogunate was defeated and a new emperor named _____was proclaimed. Mutsuhito Meiji Restoration This period is known as the ________ – Meiji meaning _______. enlightened rule Over the next generation the whole society and its institutions were transformed to serve the needs of _______. modernization Emperor Mutsuhito, Meiji.
Meiji Japan adapts Western ideas Japanese were sent on study tours of Europeans & Americans were hired to help transform Japan. § In Japan a new education system was set up §
Foreign Ideas Germany – the Japanese liked the way Germany had a strong centralized government where a small group of men had political power. They also liked how strong Germany’s army was, so they modeled these aspects of their country after the Germans. } Britain – the Japanese admired the British navy greatly, and they attempted to create a similar one. } United States – they admired the American school system, and created free public schools and required all the children to go in order to be more educated citizens. They included foreign experts and often encouraged people to study abroad. }
} Japanese selectively use Western ideas and styles while remaining politically, economically, & culturally independent
JAPAN transformed § Rapid industrialization took place (with a mix of government & private ownership). § Railroads were built, mines expanded, and urban areas became more “modern” Sumitomo, Mitsui, Mitsubishi, and Yasuda
Industrialization } } } The emperor realized it was also important for Japan to industrialize. By 1872 Japan had built their first railroad. By 1914 Japan had more than 7000 miles of rails. Coal production greatly increased. The state supported other means of production and those increased greatly as well. Japan continued to produce commodity products like tea, and silk for trade. They also began weapon/military development.
Meiji Japan transforms itself § Government built a modern army & navy
Changes During The Meiji Restoration Fukoku Kyohei: “Enrich the country and strengthen the military”. Sonnō jōi ("Revere the Emperor, Expel the Barbarians"). Emperor promises to institute political and social reforms and work to strengthen the nation. Major Changes: ü Abolished feudalism ü Eliminated samurai armies ü Reformed education ü Created a centralized gov’t and encouraged loyalty to the emperor ü Created Japan's first Western-style constitution (1889), followed the next year by the country's first elected Diet. üAdopted Western technology üOpened up trade (ended isolation)
FROM THIS. . .
TO THIS.
How Did The Change In Military Impact Japan? Generosity toward the weak Honor Military uniforms Reverence to the gods Swordsmanship Dying an honorable death Leather armor, swords, bows and arrows Reckless Courage Loyalty to the Emperor Use of guns and canons Bravery Fairness Development of a navy Loyalty Traditional Military Both Modern Military What characteristics of the old way, the Bushido code, do you think continued? Loyalty to the Emperor Honor Dying an honorable death Reverence to the gods Military uniforms Loyalty Reckless Courage Generosity toward the weak Swordsmanship Fairness Development of a navy Use of guns and canons Bravery Leather armor, swords, bows and arrows
Japanese Imperialism 1860 -1914
Strains of Modernization Problems: • Poor living standards existed in crowded cities • Political differences led to instability and frequent assassinations of leaders Westernization • Constant questioning and debate about _______ Samuarai • Disgruntled _____ class • Need for raw materials Solutions: • Urged loyalty to the Emperor as a center of ________ national identity • Sino-Japanese War 1894 -1895 • Russo-Japanese War 1904 • Imperialism of Korea: Annexed in 1910
Imperialism in East Asia
Reactions to Westernization The Satsuma Rebellion 1877 Many samurai were desperate with their situation and the loss of their former status. They gathered under Takamori Saigo and fought the battle of Satsuma In 1877. It was a clash of traditional samurai weapons against a modern army. 60, 000 government troops faced 40, 000 rebels. The battle was a short one. The samurai rebels were completely defeated in a bloody battle. Takamori Saigo was wounded and committed suicide in samurai tradition. He became a hero for the Japanese. Takamori Saigo
Japanese Imperialism Japan gained control of Korea & Taiwan after defeating China. § Japan defeated Russia to take control of Manchuria (1905). §
Final Thoughts technology Western ______ was adopted which allowed the industrialize Japanese to fully _______ in less than 50 years. By the end of the Meiji Restoration, the Japanese no longer feared that they would be _______. imperialized Rather, they set out to practice imperialism themselves natural resources to obtain power and __________. Japan was quickly emerging as a world-class power using western technology and methods while still maintaining its traditional cultural ______ values. This period was known as the Meiji _______ Restoration
Comparative Practice ½ sheet of paper – write a thesis paragraph 1. Analyze the similarities and differences in Japanese and Chinese contacts with the West from 1800 to 1914. 2. Analyze the similarities and differences in Japanese and Ottoman contacts with the West from 1800 to 1914.
JAPAN~ Changes • New dynasty – Meiji Period began • From a Closed economy to Industrial Power • From Traditional to Modern – Culture, Economy, Military • Isolated nation-state to Imperial Power
CAUSES • Outside pressure • Japanese leadership decided to change – use the West as a model
