
120603962b64f1c362e1007e4c381558.ppt
- Количество слайдов: 77
A Basic History
Signal fire
Hebrew shofar
Roman bucina
Cavalry bugle
Semaphore tower
Writing
What is writing? Turning sound symbols (talking) into visual symbols n Sound symbols are gone in an instant n Visual symbols can last forever n
Lascoux Cave painting ca. 17, 000 BCE n Just a noun and a verb
Marriage contract ca. 17, 000 BCE pictures reduced to essentials
Pictures for abstractions
Means “Man”
Means “Soul”
Hieroglyph syllables
Hieroglyph letter - L
Evolution of pictures to symbols
Cuneiform
Phoenician traders
Symbols become an alphabet Phoenician ca. 1050 BCE
ST What’s the word?
Greek alphabet added vowels
Caen
L’chaim loch
Hand written lasted 1000 years
Illuminated text
First change from handwriting to printing came in 888 CE The Diamond Sutra, a Buddhist scripture, created with block printing
Chinese block printing – ca. 1000 CE
Entire page with one block
Chinese type – entire words ca. 1040 CE
Another little side trip
The Black Death – 1347 -1351
n After the Black Death people had two things: n Lots of money n A desire to enjoy life n Fun and games like fairs and celebrations n The fanciest clothes they could afford
The rich wore silk and gold wire n The middle class wore woolens n Everyone wore linen, especially -n
Linen underwear
What this has to do with printing What was necessary to printing was paper n The only thing available up to this time was parchment, expensive and uncommon n Linen sheets and underwear wore out and were thrown away n Linen rags can be turned into paper n
n Now there’s plenty of paper n Everyone uses it as trade and investing increases n Contracts n Record keeping However, because of the Black Death there weren’t enough scribes for all the paperwork n Something had to be done n
The next, and greatest change in printing came in 1450 CE
Johannes Gutenberg c. 1398 -1468
Moveable Type
Gutenberg Press
William Caxton – First printer in English
Spelling was idiosyncratic
Knight
Knife
First Folio of Shakespeare
Images could be printed
Franklin’s Pennsylvania Gazette
American Magazine - 1758
Poor Richard’s Almanack
Paine’s Common Sense
Sheet-fed rotary press - 1863
Roll-fed rotary press - 1866
Mergenthaler’s Linotype Machine 1884
Newspapers Started in the early 1600 s n Corontos, one page Dutch news sheets imported to England n Diurnals – English news sheets started 1641 n
First American newspaper
Boston News-Letter – 1704
New-England Courant
Zenger’s Weekly Journal
Effects of these 3 newspapers a newspaper with popular support could challenge authority n financial independence can lead to editorial independence n government should not control the press because it can stifle the truth n
The Daily Sun
Joseph Pulitzer
William Randolph Hearst
Explosion of USS Maine in Havana Harbor
Canons of Journalism and Statement of Principles – 1923 “The right of a newspaper to attract and hold readers is restricted by nothing but considerations of public welfare. ” The beginnings of the modern ideal of journalism: be objective, don’t be sensationalistic, operate for the public good
Magazines
American magazines – 1740 s
Saturday Evening Post
Keys to success Rapidly rising literacy rates n Lower printing costs n Spread of social movements like abolition and labor reform n n n Made for compelling reading The use of specialty writers rather than general reporters or book authors
Growth of magazines Rise of women’s magazines that advertisers loved n Postal Act of 1879 that lower mailing rates for magazines n Railroads crisscrossing the entire country n Made magazines the first truly national medium n
Life Magazine
120603962b64f1c362e1007e4c381558.ppt