52. 2 mln in 1992 − 47. 5

52.2 mln in 1992 − 47.5 mln in 2000 (-10%) 1940-1950 −11.5 % Mortality // Birth-rate

“Золотий вік” біології – пояснення функцій живого, виникнення молекулярної біології Francis Harry Compton Crick JamesDewey Watson Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins

15-20 білків, 100 кг E. Coli-1 г ДНК-п-зи. Ori-1,6 млн н., фр. Оказаки – 1,5 тис. Н.п.

Б. Впізнавання, геліказа, топоізомераза (гіраза 2 ланц. У бактерій), SSBP, Б. Активатор праймази, праймаза, (бета, епс –репарація, гама-мітох, альфа-сігма ядро) ДНК-п-аза (ДНКП ІІІ у бактер)+ прищепка (PCNA), нуклеаза, бета-ДНКПза, лігаза

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1959 "for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid" Severo Ochoa 1/2 of the prize USA, New York University, College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA b. 1905(in Luarca, Spain) - d. 1993 Arthur Kornberg1/2 of the prize USA Stanford University b. 1918

Дозрівання - метилювання

Головний канцероген тютюна - бензпірен Benzopyrene_DNA_adduct

DNA ligase, shown above repairing chromosomal damage, is an enzyme that joins broken nucleotides together by catalyzing the formation of an internucleotide ester bond between the phosphate backbone and the deoxyribose nucleotides.

Пігментна ксеродермія

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2007 Mario R. Capecchi, Martin J. Evans and Oliver Smithies for their discoveries of "principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells" The homologous recombination is conserved throughout evolution and was demonstrated in bacteria more than 50 years ago by the 1958 Nobel Laureate Joshua Lederberg. Capecchi demonstrated that homologous recombination could take place between introduced DNA and the chromosomes in mammalian cells and the defective genes could be repaired by homologous recombination with the incoming DNA. Smithies initially tried to repair mutated genes in human cells. They chose a gene that was easily identified (Lesch-Nyhan syndrome) – 1986.

Martin Evans – embryonic stem (ES) cells, mosaic embryos, transfer of retroviral DNA from ES cells

Two ideas come together – homologous recombination in ES cells

Актиноміцин D

RNAP from T. aquaticus pictured during elongation. Portions of the enzyme were made transparent so as to make the path of RNA and DNA more clear. The magnesium ion (yellow) is located at the enzyme active site

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2006 "for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription“ Roger D. Kornberg USA Stanford University Stanford, CA, USA b. 1947

Рибосома Ribosome Atomic structure of the 50S Subunit. Proteins are shown in blue and RNA in orange

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1999 Protein synthesis Günter Blobel began in the late 1960s. The signal hypothesis for the discovery that "proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell"

Every cell contains approximately one billion protein molecules. The different proteins have a large number of important functions Examples of directed transport mediated by topogenic signals.. The signal itself consists of a chain of amino acids. It is an integral part of the protein, and it is often located at one end of the protein