5 th-4 th Centuries B C The

5 th-4 th Centuries B. C. • The first mention of the principles behind the pinhole camera, a precursor to the camera obscura, belongs to Mo-Ti (470 BC to 390 BC), a Chinese philosopher. Mo-Ti referred to this

c. 330 BC • The first casual reference to the optic laws that made pinhole cameras possible was observed and noted by Aristotle around 330 BC, who questioned why the sun could make a

c. 1000 • Alhazen (Ibn Al. Haytham), a great authority on optics in the Middle Ages who lived around 1000 AD, invented the first pinhole camera, (also called the Camera Obscura) and was

1490 • Leonardo da Vinci wrote the first detailed description of camera obscura in his Atlantic Codex, a 1, 286 page collection of drawings and writings. The principle of camera

1558 • Giovanni Battista della Porta illustrated camera principles in his book "Natural Magic".

1568 • Daniello Barbaro fitted the camera obscura with a lens and a changeable opening to sharpen the image.

1664 -1666 • Isaac Newton discovers that white light is composed of different colors. He used a prism to split sunlight into its constituent colours and another to recombine them to make white light.

1727 • Johann Heinrich Schulze discovered that silver nitrate darkened upon exposure to light.

1794 • First Panorama opens, the forerunner of the movie house invented by Robert Barker.

1801 • Thomas Young Suggested that the retina at the back of the eye contains three types of color sensitive receptor, one sensitive to blue light, one to green and one to red. The brain interprets

1802 • Thomas Wedgewood is the first person to attempt to record the camera image by means of the action of light (he is successful in recording the image in organic

1814 • Joseph Niepce achieves first photographic image with camera obscura - however, the image required eight hours of light exposure and later faded.

1825 • The first photograph was only discovered in 2002 and is now known to be the very first permanent photograph ever taken by Nicéphore Niépce – the father of photography. It is an image of an engraving of a man

1835 • • Invention of the Paper-Negative Process The inventor of the first negative from which multiple postive prints were made was Henry Fox Talbot, an English botanist and mathematician and a contemporary of Daguerre. • Talbot sensitized paper to light with a silver salt solution. He then exposed the paper to light. The background became black, and the subject was rendered in gradations of grey. This was a negative image, and from the paper negative, Talbot made contact prints, reversing the light and shadows to create a detailed picture. In 1841, he perfected this papernegative process and called it a calotype, Greek for beautiful picture.

1837 • Louis Daguerre's first daguerreotype the first image that was fixed and did not fade and needed under thirty minutes of light exposure.

1839 • First use of the term "Photography" • "Photography" is derived from the Greek words photos ("light") and graphein ("to draw") The word was first used by the scientist

1839 • • Invention of the Daguerreotype After several years of experimentation and Niepce's death, Daguerre developed a more convenient and effective method of photography, naming it after himself - the daguerreotype. • Daguerre's process 'fixed' the images onto a sheet of silver-plated copper. He polished the silver and coated it in iodine, creating a surface that was sensitive to light. Then, he put the plate in a camera and exposed it for a few minutes. After the image was painted by light, Daguerre bathed the plate in a solution of silver chloride. This process created a lasting image, one that would not change if exposed to light.

1840 • First lens designed specifically for photographic purposes by Petzval

1840 • Ackerman & Co. , (the leading print seller and purveyor of "Colours and Requisites for Drawing" advertised a "Photogenic Drawing Box" (was not called a camera) complete with

1840 • First American patent issued in photography to Alexander Wolcott for his camera.

1851 • Invention of the Wet Plate Negative Process • Frederick Scott Archer, an English sculptor, invented the wet plate negative. Using a viscous solution of

1856 • Invention of the Tintype Photographic Process • Tintypes, patented in 1856 by Hamilton Smith, were another medium that heralded the birth of

1859 • Panoramic camera patented - the Sutton.

1861 • Oliver Wendell Holmes invents stereoscope viewer.

1861 • First Color Photograph • The enormously influential Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell creates a rudimentary color

1871 • Richard Leach Maddox invented the gelatin dry plate silver bromide process - negatives no longer had to be developed immediately.

1877 • First Color Landscape • This photograph was taken by Louis Arthur Ducos du Hauron who invented the subtractive (cyan,

1878 • • First High Speed Series English photographer Eadweard Muybridge, using new emulsions that allow nearly instantaneous photography, begins taking photograph sequences that capture animals and humans in motion. His 1878 photo series of a galloping horse, created with 12 cameras each outfitted with a trip wire, helps settle a disagreement over whether at any time in a horse's gait all four hooves leave the ground. (They do. ) It also causes a popular stir about the potential of cameras to study movement. Muybridge goes on to create hundreds of image sequences with humans and animals as subjects. These photo series are linked to the earliest beginnings of cinematography.

1878 • Animated photos start to be viewed in the zoetrope and similar devices (animations using successive images or drawings based on or inspired by Mybridge’s work)

1879 • Dry Plate Negatives and Handheld Cameras • In 1879, the dry plate was invented, a glass negative plate with a dried gelatin emulsion. Dry plates could be

1884 • George Eastman invents flexible, paper-based photographic film.

1887 • Flashlight Powder • Blitzlichtpulver or flashlight powder was invented in Germany in 1887 by Adolf Miethe and Johannes Gaedicke. Lycopodium powder (the waxy

1888 • • First Motion Picture Historic films are very popular and they all attempt to recreate the period in which they are set. This film is the first celluloid film created and it gives us a true look at how people looked and, more importantly, carried themselves (in the case of the women in full corseted gowns). The film only lasts for two seconds but it is enough time to see the characters walking. It was recorded at 12 frames per second by French inventor Louis Le Prince. It was filmed at the home of Joseph and Sarah Whitley, in Roundhay, Leeds, West Yorkshire, England on October 14 and the people who appear are Adophe Le Prince (Louis’s son), Sarah Whitley, Joseph Whitley, and Harriet Hartley.

1888 • Eastman patents Kodak roll-film camera.

1888 • The term "Snapshots" was born (from an expression used by hunters to describe shooting a firearm from the hip without taking careful aim)

1889 • Flexible Roll Film • George Eastman invented film with a base that was flexible, unbreakable, and could be rolled. Emulsions coated on a cellulose nitrate

1895 • Lumiere Brothers successfully project the first motion picture film as a “magic lantern” type presentation (followed by Edison in America and the explosion of the motion picture film

1896 • The first X-Ray photo is taken when Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen noticed that a bit of barium platinocyanide emitted a fluorescent glow. He then laid a photographic plate

1898 • Reverend Hannibal Goodwin patents celluloid photographic film.

1900 • First mass-marketed camera—the Brownie. • The Brownie is given credit for creating the hobby of photography as an American national pastime

1913 -1914 • First 35 mm still camera developed.

1925 • The flashbulb is patented by Paul Vierkotter to replace flash powder (noisy and smoky stuff)

1927 • General Electric invents the modern flash bulb.

1930 • Flashbulbs • The first modern photoflash bulb or flashbulb was invented by Austrian, Paul Vierkotter used magnesium-coated

1934 • Modern 35 mm Film Invented • All those years after the first experiments in photography, Kodak in 1934 invented 35 mm film which quickly became the most popular film type and continues to be so to this day. This film was pre-loaded into rolls with perforated edges and it made it possible to load the films into cameras in broad daylight. The film size was already in use in movie films, but it was not until Kodak made the still version in 1934 and Leica the first cameras to use it, that is moved into the world of still photography. The first 33 mm still camera cost $175 (equal to around $3, 000 today).

1937 • Chester Carlson invents "electron photography, " which later comes to be known as xerography, or simply photocopying.

1938 • • • First High-Speed Photography Images Harold E. Edgerton of MIT invented the gas filled tube Dr. Harold "Doc" Edgerton, a professor of electrical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, works with National Geographic to perfect high-speed stroboscopic photography, freezing on film the rapid movements of nature that elude the eye. National Geographic publishes several of the images, including bullets frozen in mid-flight and stilled hummingbird wings. Nicknamed "Papa Flash, " Edgerton's techniques are later used to illuminate the ocean's deepest abysses.

1946 • Zoomar introduces the zoom lens, the invention of American Frank Back.

1948 • Polaroid Cameras • Polaroid photography was invented by Edwin Herbert Land was the American inventor and physicist whose one -step process for

1957 • First digitally scanned photograph • Technically, this is the very first digital photograph – all these years later, digital cameras are only just beginning

1957 • Lennart Nilsson begins using an endoscope to photograph the inside of the human body. His most provocative image was the first ever photograph of a human fetus in the

1963 • Kodak introduces the Instamatic line, the first point-andshoot cameras.

1969 • George Smith and Willard Boyle invented the charge -coupled device (CCD), the image sensor that's the heart of all digital cameras, at Bell Labs. Smith and Boyle were

1975 • The first CCD flatbed scanner was introduced by Kurzweil Computer Products using the first CCD integrated chip, a 500 sensor linear array from Fairchild.

1975 • Eastman Kodak created the prototype for the world's first digital camera. Created by Steve Sasson, the device was never intended to be mass produced and used CCD image sensor

1978 • Konica introduces first point-andshoot, autofocus camera.

1980 • Sony demonstrates first consumer camcorder.

1981 • • Sony demonstrates Mavica "still video" camera which recorded images as magnetic impulses on a compact two-inch still-video floppy disk. The images were captured on the disk by using two CCD (charge-coupled device) chips. One chip stored luminance information and the other separately recorded the chrominance information. This camera provided a 720, 000 -pixel image. The images could be stored on the floppy disk either in Frame or Field mode. When the photographer selected the Frame mode, the sensor recorded each picture on two tracks. Up to 25 images could be recorded on each disk. A version for consumers, the MVC-C 1 Hi. Band Mavica, followed in 1988. The same year, Fuji unveiled (but never sold in the United States) the first fully digital camera, the DS-1 P, which recorded images to a 2 MB internal memory card.

1983 • Kodak introduces Disc camera, using an 8 x 11 mm frame (the same as in the Minox spy camera). In one way or another, these Disc cameras formed the basis for digital imaging as they are

1984 • Digital Camera • In 1984, Canon demonstrated first digital electronic still camera.

1986 • Disposable Cameras • Fuji introduced the Quicksnap disposable camera in 1986. We call them disposables but the people who make these cameras want you to know

1990 • Eastman Kodak announces Photo CD as a digital image storage medium.

1990 • Adobe releases Photoshop 1. 0, an image manipulation program for Apple Macintosh computers

1990 • The Hubble's workhorse instrument is the Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC 2) and captured most of the most famous Hubble pictures. Its 48 filters allow scientists to study precise wavelengths of light and to sense a range of wavelengths from ultraviolet to nearinfrared light. WFPC 2 doesn't use film to record its images. Instead, four postage stampsized pieces of high-tech Charge-Coupled Devices (CCDs) collect information from stars and galaxies to make photographs. These detectors are very sensitive to the extremely faint light of distant galaxies. Each of the four Hubble CCDs contains 640, 000 pixels. The light collected by each pixel is translated into a number. These numbers (all 2, 560, 000 of them) are sent to ground-based computers, which convert them into an image. NASA

1991 • First Digital Still Camera Sold • Kodak releases the first commercially available, professional digital camera in 1991. This device, extremely expensive

1992 • JPEG, a compression becomes standard for storing and sending photographic images over the Internet, is described in a paper published in "IEEE

1993 • Apple Quicktake digital camera announced (developed jointly with Kodak). It was the first consumer level digital camera It boasts 640 x 480 (0. 3 MP) resolution, a built-in flash, and

2000 • The world's first camera phone released by Sharp (the J-SH 04) in November: "The JSH 04 was the industry's first mobile phone to feature an integrated 110, 000 -pixel