4 D Boyutlu Ultrasonografi Serdar H. Ural, M. D. , F. A. C. O. G. Director, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine Director, Labor and Delivery Unit Director, Fellowship Training Program Director, Obstetrical Ultrasound Suite Professor of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Radiology Penn State University College of Medicine, U. S. A.
3 D/4 D Ultrason § 2 D = 2 boyutlu § 3 D = 3 boyutlu § 4 D= 3 boyutlu canli (zamanli) real-time goruntu
4 D Ultrason § 2 D ultrason gebelik tetkikinde kullanilan belki de en onemli metottur § 3 D/4 D ultrasonun yayginlasmasi, gebelik takibinde gerekli olup olmadiginin tartismasini yaratmistir § 3 D/4 D ultrason, bilhassa 2 D ile yapilan tetkikte tespit edilmis bazi anomalilerin daha iyi analiz edilmesinde faydali oldugu gorulmustur § Fetal vucutta protruzyon yapan anomalilerin tetkikinde onemlidirnoral tup defekti, omfalosel, gastroskisis § Cardiac §. American Institute of Ultrasound in medicine. Acoustic output measurement standards for diagnostic ultrasound equipment. Laurel (MD): AIUM; 1998
4 D Ultrason § Ultrasonun guvenilirligi uzun zamandan beri bilinmektedir § Insan calismalarinda yan etki gorulmemistir § Bazi hayvan deneylerinde yani etki gorulmusse de bu calismalar baskalari tarafindan tekrarlandiginda ayni sonuclar elde edilmemistir § Bilhassa 3 D/4 D ultrasonda termal endeks ve de mekanik endeks otomatik olarak kontrol edilmekte, ultrason muayenesi sirasinda dokuya yayilan enerji miktari minimumda tutulmaktadir § Stark CR et al. Short and long term risks after exposure to diagnostic ultrasound in utero. Obstet Gynecol 1984; 63; 194 -200
3 D/4 D Ultrason § 3 D popularitesi artmakta § i. U 22 (Phillips), Prosound Alfa-10 (Aloka), Voluson 730 Expert (GE) § Ortalama muayene suresi 21 dakika § § 2 D mean termal indeks (TI) - 0. 28, mekanik indeks (MI) – 1. 12 3 D mean TI - 0. 27, MI – 0. 89 4 D mean TI - 0. 24 3 D/4 D muayenesi 2. 5 dakika ek § Akustik seviye, enerji seviyesi yaklasik ayni § Sheiner E et al. A comparison between acoustic output indices in 2 D and 3 D/4 D ultrasound in obstetrics. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2007, 29 (3); 326 -8
2 D/3 D/4 D Ultrason § 2 D ultrason ve fetal fizyolojik cevap § 100 hasta § 18 -24 gebelik haftasi, § § Fetal kalp atis hizi AF dikey olcumu Umbilical arter Doppler Muayene suresi § § Amniyotik sivi da azalma- Istatistiki fark (+) Fetal kalp hizinda artis- Istatistiki fark (-) Doppler, sure- Istatistiki fark (-) Akut fetal hemodinamik degisiklikler § Ural SH, Repke J et al. Does 2 nd trimester ultrasound effect normal fetal physiology. § Oral Presentation, International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology § Chicago, USA, Agustos 2008
How Useful Is 4 D Ultrasound in Perinatal Medicine § 4 D hakkinda tip literaturunde 2000 senesinden beri su ana kadar yayinlanmis 200 makale/calisma var § § § § Yuz anomalileri Noral tup defektleri Iskelet anomalileri Konjenital kalp defektleri Intrakraniyel anomaliler Davranis Kurjak A et al. How useful is #d and 4 D ultrasound in perinatal medicine. J Perinat Med 2007, 35 (1); 10 -27 Martin J et al. Births; final data for 2002. Natl Vital Stat rep 2003, 52 (10): 1 -113
3 D/4 D Ultrason § 3472 fetal anatomik tarama, 2 D ve 3 D § 906 tanesinde 1 -5 anomali § 2 D ile karsilastirildiginda 3 D - multiplanar tomografik inceleme %70 daha avantajli § Defektin ciddiyetinin ve de normalitenin degerlendirilmesinde 2 D’den daha mi iyi § Long G et al. A comparative study of routine vs. selective fetal anomaly scanning. J Med Screen 1998; 5; 6 -10
3 D/4 D Ultrason § 99 fetus, once 3 D/4 D, sonrasinda 2 D § 2 D 54 fetus normal, 45 fetus’ta 82 anomali § 2 D ve 3 D/4 D arasinda anomali tanisinda anlasma orani %90, intraclass correlation coefficient, 0. 834; %95 CI, 0. 774 -0. 879 § 3 D/4 D 2 D’den 6 eksik anomali teshis etmis § § § § § VSD (2) IVC blokaji Tetralogy of Fallot Bobrek Cystic adenmatoid malformasyon Dogum sonrasi tani ile karsilastirma, sensitivite/spesifisite 2 D %96 - %73 3 D/4 D %92 - %76 Istatistiki olarak ciddi fark yok Goncalves L et al. What does 2 dimensional imaging add to 3 D/4 D obstetric ultrsound. J Ultrasound Med 2006, 25 (6); 691 -9 Long G et al. A comparative study of routine vs. selecyive fetal anomaly scanning. J Med Screen 1998; 5; 6 -10
3 D/4 D Ultrason § 13 -34 gebelik haftalarinda § 3 D/4 D ile kalp fonksyon tesbiti § Tomografik real-time 3 D § Sistolik/diyastolik, atriyal/ventrikuler hemodinamik tesbit § Anatomik anomali gorulmese de kalp anomalilerinde degisiklikler § Hata T et al. 4 D ultrasound in spatiotemporal image correlation for fetal heart visualization. J Clin Ultrasound Mayis 2008; 36; 4; 204 -7.
3 D/4 D Ultrason § The effects on maternal anxiety of 2 D vs. plus 3 D/4 D ultrasound in pregnancies at risk of fetal abnormalities; A randomized study § 4 D ultrason uygulanan annelerin %80’i, 2 D ile karsilastirildiginda, bebegin normal oldugunun daha inandirici oldugunu § Fakat anksiyetenin istatistiki olarak daha dusuk olmadigi § 2014 Mart yeni yayin
Fetal Behaviour of IUGR Fetuses by 4 D USG § § § Fetal yuz ifadesi, vucut hareket kalitesi Beyin gelisiminde aksaklik? 50 IUGR, 50 kontrol Hareket duzeni tamamen farkli, hareketlerde farklilik IUGR – azalmis hareket, sayi, bicim, duzen § § Dogum oncesi bilgi icin yararli Fakat tedavi yoksa, gebeligin takibi degismeyecekse , yarari? Iyi fizyolojik bilgi 4 D 3 D’nin canli gosterimidir, 2 D’ye gore daha mi iyi? § Andonotopo W et al. The assessment of fetal behaviour of growth restricted fetuses by 4 D ultraound. J Perinatol Med 2006, 34 (6); 471 -8 § El’in bas’a hareketi § El’in yuz’e hareketi § Bas retrofleksyon
3 D/4 D Ultrason § 2 D ve 3 D/4 D ultrason kullanildiginda annenin bebegine psikolojik bagi § Yayinlanmis bazi calismalarda bu bagin ultrasonla guclendigi, ve de uzun vadede anne ve bebegin daha az hastaliga yakalanmasina sebep olabilecegi varsayilmistir § 3 D/4 D ultrason daha mi etkili § Penn State Universitesinde calisma § Rados C. FDA cautions against ultrasound keepsake images. FDA Consum 2004; 38 (1); 12 -6
Ultrasound Research Symposium § Nisan, 2011 § Philadelphia § Best Research Prize
Does Ultrasound Influence the Bond between Mother and Fetus? Serdar Ural, MD, and MFM Team Penn State University, College of Medicine Introduction Figures Results §The data from the entire study population (Group §Maternal-fetal attachment (MFA) is a new A, 100 patients) was analyzed based on 21 questions while the data of 35 patients (Group B) was analyzed based on 25 questions. concept that encompasses the behaviors mothers evoke toward their babies. §A handful of studies have been conducted to §Group A and Group B both resulted in a p value determine if fetal ultrasounds are a means for increasing or even inducing a mother’s attachment towards her unborn child. <. 0001 indicating that the difference in MFA scores before and after the ultrasound is statistically significant. §Many studies have compared the effects of 3 D §Questions 22 -25, assessing prenatal care, were and 4 D ultrasounds on MFA, however, few have investigated the influence of the basic 2 D ultrasound, considering it is the most common type of scan used in practice. analyzed individually. Question 23 was statistically significant with a p value of. 0156. Conclusions §It is hypothesized that the ultrasound experience will have a positive impact on a mother’s feelings for her fetus by increasing her attachment to the fetus. Methods § 100 women obtaining a routine ultrasound scan at the Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine at Hershey Medical Center were recruited. §The 25 -question survey given before and after the ultrasound was based on the MFA questionnaire developed by Cranley with additional statements addressing prenatal care. §The ultrasound experience is one of many major Table 1: Analysis of Group A maternal-fetal attachment scores (Q 1 -Q 21) Observations 100 Mean 0. 130 Std Deviation 0. 182 Wilcoxon Signed Rank Statistic 1469. 5 p value <. 0001 §This study determined that 2 D ultrasound significantly increases the bond between mother and fetus in addition to 3 D and 4 D imaging. Table 2: Analysis of Group B maternal-fetal attachment scores (Q 1 -Q 25) Observations 35 Mean 0. 181 Std Deviation 0. 208 Wilcoxon Signed Rank Statistic 198 p value <. 0001 §The fact that ultrasound has such a profound impact on the thoughts of mothers suggests that it can be a stepping stone to incorporate other aspects of prenatal care into the appointment. §Confounding variables: multiple ultrasound §Group A (64 patients) completed a 21 -question survey. Group B (35 patients) completed a 25 question survey, which included 4 questions on prenatal care. events that occur during pregnancy. It becomes a lasting memory, especially if it is the first pregnancy. technicians and less than ideal results of anatomical survey. Table 3: Analysis of prenatal care questions 22 -25 Wilcoxon Statistic p value §The difference between the pre-ultrasound mean Question 22 3 0. 25 and post-ultrasound mean was analyzed by a nonparametric 1 -sample Wilcoxon signed ranks test. Question 23 14 0. 0156 Question 24 1. 5 0. 5 Question 25 -1 1. 0 §Future research: father’s reaction to ultrasound experience, the effect of other patients having an ultrasound on the MFA, the use of ultrasound to prevent maternal use of alcohol and tobacco.
4 D Ultrason § Prenatal invaziv tani ve tedavisi icin 4 D, 93 fetus § Amniosentez, amnioinfuzyon, CVS, kordosentez § Prosedur mean 5 dakika, %100 basari § Oligohidramniyoz, ince plasenta, ince kord § Zaman, komplikasyon riski daha dusuk § Kim S et al. 4 D ultrasound guidance of prenatal invasive procedures. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2005, 26 (6); 663 -5
Maternal Obezite ve Fetal Anomali Taramasi 2 D § Fetal anatomy ultrasound screening § American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (AIUM) § Over 25 structures § 18 -22 weeks of gestation § Variable sensitivity § 34 -60% § Decreases with increased BMI § Absence of markers, 80% reduction in Down syndrome risk § Experience § Standardization
Obezite 2 D § § § Significant ultrasound impairment Visualization decreases Mostly cardiac and spine + others § Suboptimal visualization § Obezite 17%
Maternal Obezite ve Fetal Anomali Taramasi 3 D/4 D § 18 -24 hafta § 11, 000+ vaka § Body mass index (BMI) >25 § BMI >25, >30, >40 § Sensitivite %66’dan %49, %25’lere inmis § 3 D/4 D yarari? § Dashe et al. Obstetrics/Gynecology, Mayis, 2009.
3 D/4 D Ultrason § § § 4 D = 3 boyutlu canli (zamanli) real-time goruntu 4 D = tomografik ultrason incelemesi Hacim olcumu icin ideal § Operatif prosedurlerde daha guvenilir § Hasta/fetus’e yan etki kaniti yok § § § 3 D/4 D yayinlanmis calisma sayisi az 2 D + 3 D/4 D su anda en faydali yontem Tek basina 3 D/4 D muayene icin yeterli veri yok
4 D Ultrason & Davranis § Bugune kadar yapilan deney ve calismalarda fetal davranis bicimlerinin ultrason ile incelenmesi sonucu fetal saglik hakkinda bilgi verip veremeyecegi yonundedir § Bu calismalarda fetal davranis dendiginde el kol hareketlerinden tutun yuz ifade degisikligine kadar bircok hareket edebilen bolge ele alinmaktadir § Fetal davranis incelenmesinin en iyi bilineni ve standart yontemi olan biyofizik profildir (BPP) § Burda el, kol, govde gibi hareket edebilen bolgelerin incelenmesi sonucu evet fetus saglikli, ya da hayir fetus saglikli degil, dogurmak gerekir gibi sonuclara ulasmaktayiz § Mart 2014
BPP § Fetal hareket =2 § Fetal tonus =2 § Solunum =2 § Amniyotik sivi = 2 § NST § Toplam 10/10 =2
4 D Ultrason & Davranis § 14 hareket 4 D ile incelenebilir; § § § Goz kapagi Agiz Dil Dudak bukme Gulumseme Somurtma Esneme El’in bas’a El’in yuze (goz, kulak, agiz) Bas antefleksyon/retrofleksyon Emme Yutkunma
4 D Ultrason & Davranis § Neonatal donemdeki yuz ifadeleri incelendiginde fetal surecte 4 D ile gorulenlerle ayni oldugu tespit edilmis § Dogum sonrasi stres’te olan bebegin yuz ifadeleri, fetal donemde stres’te olan bebegin ifadeleriyle benzerlik gostermekte § Fetal noral gelisim hakkinda bilgi vermekte § Santral sinir sisteminin gelisimi direk olarak bu davranislara yansir § Spesifik hareket duzeni (SMP) mevcuttur § Mart 2014
4 D Ultrason & Davranis § Fetal davranisin dinamik analizi, santral sinir sisteminin maturasyonu ve gelismesi ile direk baglantilidir § Norolojik hastaliklarin erken teshisi
4 D Ultrason & Davranis § Cok az data § Arastirma ve dergi yayin kalitesi? § § Standart olusturmak icin cok erken Tekrarlanabilir sonuclar gormek sart Ornegin BPP Yani fetal davranis sadece tibbi bilgi vermekle kalmayip psikolojik ve emosyonel yani da var § Yani konumuz cok yeni ve henuz gelismekte olup literaturde temsili az
4 D Ultrason § 2015 § Transvajinal 4 D ile fetal kalpte trunkus arteriyosuz tanisi § Hata T, Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, Nisan 2015 § 4 D ve NT § Kozarov, Med Preg, Nisan 2015 § Standard error, mean value, 0. 027’den 0. 016’a dusus § Daha da erken ve dogru teshis
Sonuc § 4 D’den elde edilen tomografik goruntuler bilgisayar araciligiyle anatomik reconstruction’dan gecip 2 D ve 3 D’ye gore organlar/olcumler daha net goruntu verecek § 4 D muayenesi hasta icin cok kisalacak § Anomali ve de normal teshislerin dogruluk orani %100’e yaklasacak
Referans § § § American Institute of Ultrasound in medicine. Acoustic output measurement standards for diagnostic ultrasound equipment. Laurel (MD): AIUM; 1998 Stark CR et al. Short and long term risks after exposure to diagnostic ultrasound in utero. Obstet Gynecol 1984; 63; 194 -200 Rados C. FDA cautions against ultrasound keepsake images. FDA Consum 2004; 38 (1); 12 -6 Martin J et al. Births; final data for 2002. Natl Vital Stat rep 2003, 52 (10): 1 -113 Long G et al. A comparative study of routine vs. selecyive fetal anomaly scanning. J Med Screen 1998; 5; 6 -10 Ewigman B et al. Effect of prenatal ultrasound screening on perinatal outcome. RADIUS study froup. N Engl J Med 1993; 329; 821 -7 Kurjak A et al. How useful is #d and 4 D ultrasound in perinatal medicine. J Perinat Med 2007, 35 (1); 10 -27 Sheiner E et al. A comparison between acoustic output indices in 2 D and 3 D/4 D ultrasound in obstetrics. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2007, 29 (3); 326 -8 Goncalves L et al. What does 2 dimensional imaging add to 3 D/4 D obstetric ultrsound. J Ultrasound Med 2006, 25 (6); 691 -9 Kim S et al. 4 D ultrasound guidance of prenatal invasive procedures. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2005, 26 (6); 663 -5 Leung et al. The effects on maternal anxiety of 2 D vs. plus 3 D/4 D ultrasound in pregnancies at risk of fetal abnormalities; A randomized study. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2006, 28 (3): 249 -54
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