38 The Stormy Sixties APUSH VIETNAM Review

38: The Stormy Sixties APUSH: VIETNAM

Review & Reference Websites • http: //www. collegeboard. com/student/testing/ap/ history_us /samp. html? ushist • http: //www. historyteacher. net/USQuiz. Main. Page. htm • http: //historysage. com/jcm/content/view/13/30/

Vietnam – the “non-war” • • • When: 1964 -1973 American Casualties: 58, 000 dead 300, 000 wounded 2, 600 missing in action Presidents involved : Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon • Cost: $176 billion

Vietnamese Casualties • 2 million people • Both military & civilian • Dead and/or wounded • How did this conflict start?

Spread of Communism in Asia China’s Communist Revolution 1949 Mao Zedong Allied himself with Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union) 1950 “Communist bloc”

Spread of Communism in Asia • Korean “War” • Divided Korea along 30 th parallel • North became communist and invaded the “democratic” South

Geneva Conference (1954) • France gave up former Asian Colony: Indochina (Vietnam) • Territory was divided into 3 new countries: 1. Vietnam • 2. Cambodia • 3. Laos • Vietnam divided 17 th parallel

SEATO • South East Asian Treaty Organization • American pledge to assist Asian countries facing “communist threat” (Eisenhower)

Cold War • John F. Kennedy was afraid Asian countries “would fall to communism” • Increased financial & military assistance to Vietnam

Turmoil in Vietnam • Communist North led by Ho Chi Mihn & Vietcong fighters • Anti Communist South led by Ngo Dinh Diem • Became increasingly dictatorial • Became a “liability”

Buddhist Monks • In South Vietnam • Protested Ngo Dinh Diem’s discriminatory policies • As protests, set themselves on fire • Buddhists = 75% of population

Before Kennedy’s Death • An American led CIA assassination was carried out • To remove Ngo Dinh Diem from power 1963 (in South Vietnam) • 15, 000 American troops involved by 1963

Gulf of Tonkin (1964) • Lyndon B Johnson • Announced north Vietnamese gunboats • attacked U. S. destroyers – for no reason (unprovoked)

LBJ Asked Congress • For an increase in his authority to wage war in Vietnam • Without an actual war declaration! • “Gulf of Tonkin Resolution” increased power of executive branch to engage in war

Gulf Of Tonkin Incident… • U. S. Destroyers were assisting • South Vietnamese in attacking northern neighbor • Attacks were not “unprovoked”

Political Cartoon

LBJ Heightened American Involvement • Diverted $ from Great Society Programs to Vietnam

Difficult Combat • U. S. relied on ground forces • Heavily forested jungle • Tropical climate • U. S. strategy: to destroy “Ho Chi Minh Trail” the life line of Vietcong

Ho Chi Minh’s Vietcong (North) • Soldiers dressed in peasant clothing • To confuse American soldiers • North Vietnamese soldiers familiar with territory • Accustomed to climate • Aggressive and unwilling to give up • Had supplies & men

U. S. Troops • Uprooted villagers & moved them to cities • 1968 massacre of Vietnamese women and children in village of My Lai • Revealed to American public in 1969

Tet (Vietnamese New Year) Offensive • January 1968 • Vietcong forces surprised American troops • Attacked military bases, capitals • Psychological impact: Most Americans now opposed war

Back in the United States… • President Richard Nixon and Vice President Spiro Agnew • Elected 1968 • “Secret Plan to end the war” • 500, 000 unhappy troops serving overseas

Nixon’s “Vietnamization”: • “Vietnamization” – the U. S. military instructed the South Vietnamese on how to fight war. • Allowed for Number of U. S. troops to be decreased

Counterculture • “Baby- Boomers” now teenagers • Protested conformity • protested U. S. involvement in war • Protested draft • “hell no! we won’t go!” -

Counterculture • Free Speech Movement (FSM)– College students in U. C. Berkeley • Stage sit-ins, teach-ins • “Hippies”

Counterculture • Hippies: • Protested war • Woodstock Music Festival • 1969 New York • Folk Singers- Bob Dylan, Joan Baez sing protest songs

Counterculture • College Students: • Kent State University , Ohio • Protested war • 4 innocent bystanders shot by national guard • Jackson State Mississippi – 2 students died

39: The Stalemated Seventies APUSH

March 29, 1973 • North Vietnamese gained control of the South • U. S. agreed to pull troops in exchange for POW’s (prisoners of war)

War Powers Act, 1973 • severely limited the President’s ability to wage war without consent of legislative act. • Overturned Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

Détente (1972): • Policy relaxed tensions between U. S. , The Soviet Union & China • Established communication

The Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I) - Signed by USSR & U. S. 1972 • Each nation agreed to reduce number of nuclear missiles in exchange for the U. S. Supplying grain to the Soviet Union for the next 3 years

Feminist Movement • Began mid 1960’s • National Organization for Women (NOW) • Betty Friedan wrote The Feminine Mystique

Watergate Scandal “I am not a crook!”- R. Nixon

Break –In Democratic Party National Headquarters • At the Watergate Hotel • Washington D. C. , June 1972 • (Nixon was Republican)

Washington Post • Journalists investigated case • Burglars connected to CREEP • (Committee to Reelect the President)

Watergate Hotel “Bugged!” • “burglars” bugged democratic headquarters!

Journalists Uncovered • Illegal activities linked to the OVAL OFFICE!

A Voice Activated System • Was discovered in Oval Office • Congress urged President Nixon to: • “Release the tapes/recordings!”

Nixon’s Response • NO! • Argued he was protected by • Executive privilege

Supreme Court, 1974 • ruled that “executive privilege” did not give Nixon the right to withhold evidence relevant to possible criminal activity

Meanwhile, V. P. Spiro Agnew • Faced criminal charges tax evasion, money laundering, accepting bribes • He resigned 1973 • Gerald Ford was named V. P.

Prior to Impeachment Proceedings • Nixon resigned August 9 th, 1974 before being impeached • Gerald Ford became President • Ford pardoned Nixon

Nixon… • Abused his power as executive by claiming rights to protect documents from congress • Gerald Ford – The 1 st “un-elected” President – he was elected by Congress

40: The Resurgence of Conservatism The “Reagan Revolution”

Presidents • Jimmy Carter – Elected 1976 (bi-centennial year 1776 -1976) • Ronald Reagan -Elected 1980

“Conservatism” • Reagan balanced • “Reaganomics” – budget by cutting $35 budgetary discipline billion dollars from & tax breaks social programs • Gap widened between • (education, health, the poor and the welfare, etc…) wealthy

Reagan & The Cold War • More military spending • Example: Strategic Defense System (SDI) “Star Wars” • Cost: billions!

Reagan & Gorbachev • 1983 Reagan called Soviet Union an “evil empire” • Changed his mind by 1985 after meeting • Mikhail Gorbachev the new Soviet leader

Gorbachev’s Policies • Glasnost- “openness” • Perestroika“reform” • December 1987 Regan & Gorbachev signed agreement to eliminate intermediate range missiles

Fall of the Berlin Wall, 1989 • “Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!”-Reagan • Fall of Berlin wall allowed for the eventual disintegration of the Soviet Union • As Soviet satellites declared independence 1989

Fall of Berlin Wall • Oct. 1989 • The end of “Cold War” • Soviet Union disbanded 1991

U. S. & Russia • START I – 1991 reduced # of nuclear warheads in both countries • START II – 1993 further reduced warheads, U. S. promised economic aid to Russia

Presidents • George H. W. Bush – elected 1988

Persian Gulf Crisis • August 1990 Saddam Hussein (Iraq) invaded Kuwait • Hussein wanted Kuwait’s oil • United States led U. N. military into Persian Gulf region

Operation Desert Storm • February, 1991 • Lasted four days • U. N. troops forced Saddam Hussein to surrender Feb. 27 • Kuwait was liberated

Presidents • Bill Clinton - Elected 1992

1998 Personal Indiscretion led to Impeachment Proceedings • President Clinton had an affair (allegedly) with White House intern Monica Lewinsky • He lied about it in court

Articles of Impeachment • 1. perjury before a grand jury • 2. obstruction of justice • is Personal misconduct a “high crime & misdemeanor”?

Impeachment Trial • Lasted 5 weeks • President Bill Clinton was found “not guilty” • Final verdict : 45 guilty, 55 not guilty • 5 Republicans “switched sides”

President • George W. Bush- elected 2000

September 11, 2001 • 3, 000 deaths • Osama Bin Laden & al-Quaeda planned attacks • American Congress then sent troops to Afghanistan

War on Iraq • President Bush insisted on invading Iraq • Felt Saddam Hussein was still a threat • “weapons of mass destruction”

The “Changes in Post Cold War America” Wrapping it all up…Modern Day Issues

1. Demographic Shifts • Immigration Act 1965 - opened doors to immigrants escaping oppression • Uncounted immigrants: • 12 million undocumented people by 1990

1. Demographic Shifts • Living in a multicultural society • in Los Angeles, 1/3 of all people are foreign born • Issues: immigration law, “English only”, driver’s licenses

2. “Graying” of America • 1990’s-2050’s • By 2030, 25% of all Americans will be 85 years old ! • Issues : Social security, healthcare, who replaces retired workers?

3. Education • 27% - 30% of Americans have Bachelor’s Degree • 10% have Masters Degree or Above • Issue: • Need for more college educated population • Economic competitiveness

3. Education • 2007: • 33% of women ages 25 -29 had Bachelor’s Degrees • Compared to… • 26% males

3. Education • • • 52% of Asians complete B. A. Degree 32% of Caucasians complete B. A. Degree 19% African Americans complete B. A. 13% Latinos complete B. A. 28% Foreign born population complete B. A. • 34% Naturalized citizen complete B. A.

4. Advances in Communication • Living in the digital age: • Cell phones, satellites, • World wide web etc. , social networking sites • Issue: “regulating” the internet, copyright infringement

5. Globalization • U. S. linked to broader global economy • International Monetary Fund (IMF) $ To faltering nations • NAFTA North Atlantic Trade Agreement: free trade w/ Canada & Mexico (1993)

6. Fear of Terrorism • 1995 Oklahoma City Bombing • World Trade Center Bombing 1993 • September 11, 2001 • 3, 000 lives lost • “war on terror” • Patriot Act

7. Environmental Issues • Global warming, overpopulation, natural conservation, genetically engineered foods, air pollution, solar energy, plastic bags… • “going green”

Congratulations, • You have survived AP US History! • Feel Proud of what you’ve accomplished thus far… • You have 1 more obstacle to get through… • Then we can celebrate. .

multiple choice strategies AP US HISTORY

Your challenge… • 80 Multiple Choice Questions • 55 minutes http: //brewerland. net/files/Test_Skills_Multiple_Choice. doc

breakdown era % of # of Questions 1600 -1789 17 13 -14 1790 -1914 50 40 33 26 -27 CONSTITUTIONWWI 1915 -1972

strategies • 1. Trust Your Instincts—When choosing between answers, pay attention to what your hunch or first guess is. Don’t try to outsmart or overanalyze a question.

strategies • 2. Be Careful of “Extreme” Wording— Answers that contain “extreme” words such as “always, ” “never” and “completely” are much less likely to be correct than answers that more nuanced words such as “usually, ” “rarely, ” “seldom” or “often. ”

strategies • 3. Use Context Clues and Vocabulary— Sometimes the wording of a question can be deconstructed to give you a sense of what the right answer is or at least help you eliminate some wrong answers. •

strategies • 4. Pace Yourself—Each question is worth the same number of points: one. Don’t spend too long on any one question. Either guess or mark it for later consideration

strategies • 5. Guess If You Can Eliminate At Least 2 Answers—You have a 50/50 chance of getting the answer correct.

strategies • 6. B, C, and D answers are best in five answer (A-E) multiple choice questions.

strategies • 7. Non-answers (Zero, None of the above) are usually poor guesses.

strategies • 8. Try not to make your marks so dark that they are difficult to erase

strategies • 9. Look For the “Oddball”—If four answers are similar or can be grouped together, consider choosing the remaining answer. However, avoid answers that are ridiculous or do not seem to make sense.

strategies • 10. You must answer 45 -48 multiple choice questions right to do “well” on the multiple choice

Just remember… • That millions of APUSH students across the country will be feeling as stressed anxious as you… • That’s what makes y’all special.

The Final Countdown has Begun! • And may the odds be forever in your favor • Be a Katniss, not a Bella the day of the exam