3 Safety and Lightning Protection INTRODUCTION TO NETWORK

3 Safety and Lightning Protection INTRODUCTION TO NETWORK CABLING MODULE 3 Safety and Lightning Protection Introduction to Network Cabling Copper Based Systems

3 Safety and Lightning Protection 1 Goal 3 At the completion of this module, students will be able to identify and explain the safety precautions in terms of personal protection, workplace safety, and other hazards found on the job site. Students will also be familiarized with Fire Stopping and Grounding and Bonding processes and practices. Introduction to Network Cabling Copper Based Systems

3 Safety and Lightning Protection Objectives: • • • Define Safety as it applies to the Network Cabling Specialist Define OSHA and its role in workplace safety Identify and explain the safety procedures to be followed for personal protection to protect: • Head and Scalp, 3. 3. 2 Eyes and Ears, 3. 3. 3 Hands and Feet, 3. 3. 4 Respiratory, • Skin, 3. 3. 6 Back Identify and explain the safety procedures to be followed at the work site to include: • Special Instructions, 3. 4. 2 Special Training, 3. 4. 3 Restrictions, 3. 4. 4 Permits, 3. 4. 5 Work Permits • Lock-Out procedures, 3. 4. 7 Access Routes, 3. 4. 8 Locations of Safety Equipment Identify and explain the safety procedures to be followed to prevent electrical hazards to include: • Function and use of Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (G. F. C. I. ), 3. 5. 2 Extension Cords, • Proximity and Hot Work, 3. 5. 4 Insulated Tools Define the importance of Bonding and Grounding electrical circuits and telecommunications devices Introduction to Network Cabling Copper Based Systems

3 Safety and Lightning Protection Objectives (continued): • • • Distinguish between Alternating Current and Direct Current Define the purpose of Material Safety Data Sheets when working with hazardous materials. Identify and explain the safety procedures to be followed when working with tools to include: • Hand Tools, 3. 9. 2 Power Tools Define workspace safety with regards to: • Stability Control, 3. 10. 2 Fall Prevention and Protection, 3. 10. 3 Ladder Safety, 3. 10. 4 Scaffolding, 3. 10. 5 Scissor Lifts, 3. 10. 6 Barricades, 3. 10. 7 Crawl Spaces Identify and explain the safety procedures and precautions that should be followed for fire prevention and safety to include: • Location and Access to Fire Alarms, 3. 11. 2 Emergency Exits, 3. 11. 3 Classes of Fire Extinguishers---and Types of Fires • Identify common safety practices while working in hallways, public spaces, manholes, under ground, crawl spaces and the importance of barricades. • State the OSHA requirements that tell when a ladder cannot be used Introduction to Network Cabling Copper Based Systems

3 Safety and Lightning Protection Introduction to Networking Copper-Based Systems Safety Precautions • is performing your daily tasks in a safe manner. • is protecting people, equipment, and the environment. • is required on the job! Before beginning any job, it is important to understand how to do it safely. Safety is your responsibility. If you don’t understand how to do the job safely, stop what you are doing. Ask your supervisor to explain or demonstrate the safety precautions fully. OSHA The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is the arm of the Department of Labor concerned with workplace safety. OSHA establishes protective standards, enforces those standards, and reaches out to employers and employees through technical assistance and consultation programs. OSHA regulations have the force of law. Nearly every working man and woman in the nation comes under OSHA's jurisdiction. Many publications and other sources of safety information are available at the agency’s website: http: //www. osha. gov. Safety in network cabling involves many areas of the work site, such as the following. First Aid Kit and Eye Wash A first aid kit and eye wash kit are essential safety equipment for every job. They should be inspected and restocked periodically. Emergency telephone numbers should also be kept in these kits. As a Network Cabling Professional, you should keep these items in your truck. Introduction to Network Cabling Copper Based Systems

3 Safety and Lightning Protection Introduction to Networking Copper-Based Systems Personal Protection - Clothing Shirts covering the shoulders and trousers covering the full leg and ankle should be worn all the time. Rings and bracelets should not be worn. Long neckties should be tucked in. Long hair and loose sleeves that might become caught in machinery should be tied back, tucked in or secured while working on or near moving machinery. NEW TERM OSHA - The Occupational Safety and Health Administration, the arm of the Department of Labor concerned with workplace safety. Head and Scalp Hard hats, worn properly and in good condition, should be worn: In any area posted as a hard hat area. Beneath overhead work. During work in manholes and on telephone poles. In other areas where a head bumping hazard is present. Eyes and Ears Safety glasses should be worn by everyone who is doing mechanical/electrical work, working with chemicals, or working with exposed copper wiring or optical fiber. These glasses should be stored in your pocket, not the tool belt, to avoid scratches. Hearing protection should be worn where required. Introduction to Network Cabling Copper Based Systems

3 Safety and Lightning Protection Introduction to Networking Copper-Based Systems Safety Precautions Safety… is performing your daily tasks in a safe manner. is protecting people, equipment, and the environment. is required on the job! Head and Scalp Hard hats, worn properly and in good condition, should be worn: In any area posted as a hard hat area. Beneath overhead work. During work in manholes and on telephone poles. In other areas where a head bumping hazard is present. Eyes and Ears Safety glasses should be worn by everyone who is doing mechanical/electrical work, working with chemicals, or working with exposed copper wiring or optical fiber. These glasses should be stored in your pocket, not the tool belt, to avoid scratches. Hearing protection should be worn where required. Introduction to Network Cabling Copper Based Systems

3 Safety and Lightning Protection Introduction to Networking Copper-Based Systems Do’s and Don’ts - Read Carefully! (continued) Hands and Feet Gloves suitable for the job being performed should be worn unless the job cannot be done with gloves, or unless wearing gloves increases the hazard. Safety shoes or toe protection should be worn at all times by persons doing mechanical/electrical construction work. Introduction to Network Cabling Copper Based Systems

3 Safety and Lightning Protection Introduction to Networking Copper-Based Systems Figure 3. 2. 1 Introduction to Network Cabling Copper Based Systems

3 Safety and Lightning Protection Objectives (continued): • • • Identify and explain the safety procedures and precautions that should be followed for fire prevention and safety to include: • Location and access to fire alarms • Emergency exits • Class of fire extinguishers and types of fire Define the importance of Bonding and Grounding in regards to lightning protection Identify the parts of a lightning protection system as: • Air Terminals • Conductors • Ground Terminations • Surge Arrestors and Suppressors • Identify what gets grounded in both residential and commercial applications Identify ground resistance minimums for both the NEC and TIA/EIA standards Define the importance of Bonding and Grounding electrical circuits and telecommunications devices Introduction to Network Cabling Copper Based Systems

3 Safety and Lightning Protection Objectives (continued): • • Identify grounding systems to include telecommunications room bonding backbone (TBB), telecom main grounding busbar (TMGB) and how they are connected for maximum surge protection Identify bonding techniques as Bolting, Crimping and Exothermic Welding Identify the characteristics of both AC and DC electrical systems Using Ohm's law solve for Voltage, Resistance and Current Define power as Voltage times Current Identify static electricity, its effects and how it can be prevented State general requirements to obtain a low voltage license Introduction to Network Cabling Copper Based Systems

3 Safety and Lightning Protection Skin If the possibility exists of exposure to creosote or other irritants (like fiberglass), proper personal protective equipment, as specified on the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS—see page 3 -9), should be worn. These may include safety glasses, rubber gloves, and similar protective clothing. Poisonous Plants A common hazard when running cable out of doors is poisonous plants. The most common poisonous plants in North America are poison ivy, poison oak and poison sumac. These plants are all related, and they all produce a resin on their leaves and other plant parts that can cause a severe skin rash. About 2/3 of the population is allergic to these plants. Introduction to Network Cabling Copper Based Systems

3 Safety and Lightning Protection Poison Ivy Poison ivy grows as a low shrub or a climbing vine. You can recognize it by its cluster of three leaves. The stem of the middle leaf is longer than the stems of the leaves on the sides. The leaves have pointed tips. Poison Oak NEW TERM Poison oak is a low shrub whose leaves are also in groups of three. Its leaves have rounded lobes and resemble oak leaves. The three-leaf structure of poison ivy and poison oak has given rise to the old rhyme: "Leaves of three; let it be. " This is good advice. Poison Sumac Poison sumac is a taller shrub, growing to ten feet or more. It has clusters of 7 to 13 leaves that have smooth edges and pointed tips. Poison sumac is less common that poison ivy or poison oak and favors swampy ground. creosote - An oily liquid distilled from tar, used as a wood preservative. Introduction to Network Cabling Copper Based Systems

3 Safety and Lightning Protection Back Never try to lift more than you can handle safely. Consider the size, shape, and weight of the load. Don’t bend over the object to be lifted. Instead, squat down next to it with the knees bent and lift with your legs. Certain behaviors increase the risk of back injury, such as twisting the upper body, especially when lifting; extended reaching; working over shoulder level, or maintaining any other awkward posture for more than one minute. Respiratory respirators must be approved by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and the Mine Safety and Health Administration (NIOSH/MSHA). Facial hair in the area of the respirator-sealing surface is prohibited. Figure 3. 4. 1 respirator - A mask to prevent the inhalation of harmful substances. Introduction to Network Cabling Copper Based Systems

3 Safety and Lightning Protection Job Requirements Working in Site Areas When arriving at a work area for the first time, contact the person in charge for special instructions, restrictions, permits, the location of exits, lockouts (equipment that must not be used), and cover special training that is required to do the job safely. You should locate any emergency alarms or emergency equipment necessary to do your job safely. Find out where first aid kits and eyewash stations are located. Pay attention to any changes to your work environment, such as unexpected liquids or vapors, and report them to the person in charge. Permits Written, properly authorized, current permits may be required before you begin work. Permits must be posted in the work area. A work permit is required for work of any type, but additional permits, such as an Electrically Hazardous Task Plan, may be required to perform work on or near exposed energized electrical conductors. The National Electric Code The National Fire Protection Association publishes the National Electrical Code (NEC) every three years. The NEC covers installations of electric conductors and equipment within or on public and private buildings. NEC standards are voluntary, but many jurisdictions include them in their building codes. All premises wiring should comply with the NEC and local ordinances. All cables and apparatus must be "approved for the purpose. " Generally, this means that the product must be UL (Underwriter’s Laboratory) listed for a particular purpose or type of installation environment. Introduction to Network Cabling Copper Based Systems

3 Safety and Lightning Protection Lock-out Procedure A lockout procedure should be followed to protect persons from injury due to inadvertent operation of power-driven equipment or energizing an electrical circuit. All persons on the job should put on and remove their own locks and tags. Voltage tests to ensure that a circuit is turned off should be performed by a qualified person using approved test equipment. Access Figure 3. 6. 1 Keep access routes to and from work sites and safety aisles free and clear of obstructions. Keep them adequately lighted. Do not block emergency equipment, electrical disconnect switches , breaker panels, or safety showers. Use safety cones where required. Figure 3. 6. 2 Introduction to Network Cabling Copper Based Systems

3 Safety and Lightning Protection Electrical Tools and Temporary or Portable Equipment Ground Fault circuit Interrupters (GFCIS) should be used on all extension cords and portable tools. These are portable circuit breakers. You plug them in between your tool and the power source. If there is a short in the tool, the circuit breaker “pops”, and you are protected from electric shock. The tool should not be used until this problem is corrected. All 120 volt receptacle outlets should have third wire grounding. Twowire, double insulated portable tools are acceptable for use, if the tool and power cord are approved by a recognized testing laboratory, such as Underwriter’s Laboratories (UL). Figure 3. 7. 1 Hot Work Hot work is defined as any work that involves intentional physical contact using hands or tools (except for approved test equipment) with exposed energized equipment. Hot work is usually not allowed for Network Cabling Professionals without prior supervisory approval. Proximity Work Proximity work is defined as any work performed near exposed and unguarded energized electrical systems where tools, equipment, hands, etc. , could come in contact with live circuits. Proximity work should be avoided. Introduction to Network Cabling Copper Based Systems

3 Safety and Lightning Protection Tools Hand Tools Use tools to do the job for which they were designed. Keep hand tools in good operating condition: sharp, clean, oiled, dressed, etc. Always wear safety glasses when using hand tools. Keep tools that are subject to impact (chisels, star drills, etc. ), which tend to "flare", dressed (sharpened and filed smooth). This will help avoid pieces breaking off when the tool is struck and flying dangerously through the air. And remember to wear safety glasses when using any kind of tool. • Do not force tools beyond their capacity. • Keep tools clean and free of grease to prevent slippage. • Do not carry pointed tools in your pockets. Figure 3. 10. 1 Figure 3. 10. 2 Power Tools Always wear safety glasses. Loose clothing, long hair that is not secured, rings, and other jewelry should not be worn around rotating equipment. Sleeves should be kept buttoned or rolled up. Power tools should not be operated without proper training and instructions. Each power tool should be examined before use and defective tools should be tagged and taken out of service. Portable electrical equipment and tools should be grounded unless they are double-insulated. Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCI) should be used on all extension cords and portable electrical tools. Before making adjustments, servicing, or repairing electric or pneumatic tools, electric cords should be unplugged and the air lines should be deactivated and bled of their remaining air. Lower all hydraulic lifts. Introduction to Network Cabling Copper Based Systems

3 Safety and Lightning Protection Crawl Space Hazards A crawl space is any confined space through which cabling runs where an installer can enter, but not stand upright. These include the areas beneath raised floors and above dropped ceilings. You should always wear head protection in these confined areas to guard against any hard surfaces or sharp edges that may be present. You may need a filter mask or breathing apparatus if dust or insulation or other breathing hazards are present. Make sure there is enough light to work by. Bring a flashlight or worklight if there is not enough light. Identify any other systems that might be using the space: HVAC, electrical power, etc. These may present hazards to you, and you may present a hazard to them. Walk or crawl only on those surfaces meant to support your weight. Always test an area before you put your weight on it. Do not drop or throw anything from the area above a suspended ceiling. Rope off or otherwise barricade the area beneath where you are working. Introduction to Network Cabling Copper Based Systems

3 Safety and Lightning Protection Stability Control It is the responsibility of all workers to ensure that personnel, material, and equipment are safe from unexpected movement. Falling, slipping, rolling, tripping, or any other uncontrolled motions (including that caused by high winds) should be avoided. When working off the ground use caution and secure tools and equipment against falling. Do not store materials or tools on ducts, lighting fixtures, beams, suspended ceilings, ladders, or similar elevated locations. When working above others, protect the area below you. Wipe all spills to avoid slipping hazards. Block all materials and equipment, like cable reels and conduit, to prevent rolling. Fall Prevention and Protection Fall prevention eliminates a hazardous situation and removes the chance of falling. Fall protection follows recognition that a hazardous condition can not be fully or adequately eliminated, and therefore fall prevention equipment and procedures are needed. Introduction to Network Cabling Copper Based Systems

3 Safety and Lightning Protection Activity 3. 1: Safety Precautions 1. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) covers safety matters related to the workplace a. True b. False 2. An example of how NOT to show up at a work site would be a. Wearing cutoff shorts b. Wearing safety shoes c. Having Safety Glasses d. Wearing your shirt tucked in 3. It is permissible to have a beard while wearing a respirator a. True b. False 4. Poison Ivy and Poison Oak can be identified by a. 2 leaves b. 3 leaves c. 4 leaves d. 5 leaves Introduction to Network Cabling Copper Based Systems

3 Safety and Lightning Protection Activity 3. 1: Safety Precautions (continued) 1. When arriving at a job site for the first time, insure that you know the locations of all safety equipment and are briefed on all safety requirements. a. True b. False 2. If a piece of equipment has a lockout tag, you should inspect it carefully before turning it on. a. True b. False 3. Work that involves working on energized equipment is: a. Proximity Work 1. Cold Work a. Hot Work b. Cabling Work 4. When lifting an object a. Extend your body as far as possible b. Use a quick jerking motion 1. Maintain an awkward position a. Lift close to your body 5. Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCIs) protect against electrical shock hazards. a. True b. False Introduction to Network Cabling Copper Based Systems

3 Safety and Lightning Protection Hazardous Materials Asbestos Materials The composition of any materials to be removed or otherwise disturbed should be verified by the person in charge before any work starts. Materials containing asbestos can include: Insulating materials Floor tiles and Roofing material Fireproofing material asbestos material should not be used for new installations or repair work. All applicable federal, state, and site regulations for removal, handling, and disposal of asbestos-containing materials should be followed. Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) One OSHA requirement is the use of material Safety data Sheets (MSDS) for hazardous substances that are used in the workplace. These documents describe the physical hazards (whether the substance can catch fire or explode) as well as health hazards (irritation, lung damage, cancer). Regulations require manufacturers of these substances to supply this safety information to employers. The employers in turn are required to make their employees aware of the hazards. Material Safety Data Sheets should be on file and immediately available. Introduction to Network Cabling Copper Based Systems

3 Safety and Lightning Protection Tools Hand Tools Use tools to do the job for which they were designed. Keep hand tools in good operating condition: sharp, clean, oiled, dressed, etc. Always wear safety glasses when using hand tools. Keep tools that are subject to impact (chisels, star drills, etc. ), which tend to "flare", dressed (sharpened and filed smooth). This will help avoid pieces breaking off when the tool is struck and flying dangerously through the air. And remember to wear safety glasses when using any kind of tool. • Do not force tools beyond their capacity. • Keep tools clean and free of grease to prevent slippage. • Do not carry pointed tools in your pockets. Power Tools Always wear safety glasses. Loose clothing, long hair that is not secured, rings, and other jewelry should not be worn around rotating equipment. Sleeves should be kept buttoned or rolled up. Power tools should not be operated without proper training and instructions. Each power tool should be examined before use and defective tools should be tagged and taken out of service. Portable electrical equipment and tools should be grounded unless they are double-insulated. Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCI) should be used on all extension cords and portable electrical tools. Before making adjustments, servicing, or repairing electric or pneumatic tools, electric cords should be unplugged and the air lines should be deactivated and bled of their remaining air. Lower all hydraulic lifts. Introduction to Network Cabling Copper Based Systems

3 Safety and Lightning Protection Crawl Space Hazards A crawl space is any confined space through which cabling runs where an installer can enter, but not stand upright. These include the areas beneath raised floors and above dropped ceilings. You should always wear head protection in these confined areas to guard against any hard surfaces or sharp edges that may be present. Make sure there is enough light to work by. Bring a flashlight or worklight if there is not enough light. Identify any other systems that might be using the space: HVAC, electrical power, etc. These may present hazards to you, and you may present a hazard to them. You may need a filter mask or breathing apparatus if dust or insulation or other breathing hazards are present. Walk or crawl only on those surfaces meant to support your weight. Always test an area before you put your weight on it. Do not drop or throw anything from the area above a suspended ceiling. Rope off or otherwise barricade the area beneath where you are working. Stability Control It is the responsibility of all workers to ensure that personnel, material, and equipment are safe from unexpected movement. Falling, slipping, rolling, tripping, or any other uncontrolled motions (including that caused by high winds) should be avoided. When working off the ground use caution and secure tools and equipment against falling. Do not store materials or tools on ducts, lighting fixtures, beams, suspended ceilings, ladders, or similar elevated locations. When working above others, protect the area below you. Wipe all spills to avoid slipping hazards. Block all materials and equipment, like cable reels and conduit, to prevent rolling. Introduction to Network Cabling Copper Based Systems

3 Safety and Lightning Protection Fall Prevention and Protection Fall prevention eliminates a hazardous situation and removes the chance of falling. Fall protection follows recognition that a hazardous condition can not be fully or adequately eliminated, and therefore fall prevention equipment and procedures are needed. Ladders • • • • You should inspect every ladder before using it. Remove any ladder from service that is found to be defective. Painted ladders are not permitted; the paint might conceal cracks or structural flaws. If it is necessary to place a ladder in or behind a doorway, barricade the work area and post warning signs on both sides of the door. While going up and coming down a ladder, use both hands. Use a hand line or rope to raise or lower materials. Keep both feet on the ladder rungs; do not reach out too far. Do not place one foot on a line or piece of equipment and the other on a ladder rung. Change the position of the ladder as often as necessary to keep within reach of the work. Here’s a rule of thumb: always keep your belt buckle between the rungs. Face the ladder when working from it. Do not allow more than one person on a ladder unless the ladder is designed for more than one person. Do not use metal ladders when electric welding or near hot electric lines or services. Under no circumstances use chairs or other furniture as ladders. Use type 1 A ladders (300 -lb. rating) as a minimum. When using a stepladder, keep it level on all four feet with spreaders locked in place. Do not use a stepladder as a straight ladder. When using a straight ladder, observe the 1: 4 ratio. To do this, place the ladder so its base is one foot away from what it leans against for every four feet in height to the point where the ladder rests. Do not climb higher than the third rung from the top on straight or extension ladders, or the second tread from the top of stepladders. Introduction to Network Cabling Copper Based Systems Figure 3. 12. 1

3 Safety and Lightning Protection Ladders (continued) • • • Remove tools and equipment from the ladder before moving it. Tie off a stepladder when using it close to the edge of an elevated platform, roof, or floor opening and utilize fall protection. Stepladders 8 feet tall and taller should be tied off or attended when in use. Secure ladders when carrying them on a truck. When carrying a ladder, watch out for overhead power lines. Scaffolding • • Always use a ladder to climb on to a scaffold; don’t climb on the scaffold itself. All scaffolds should be erected level and plumb on a firm base. Be mindful of electric wires when erecting or walking on a scaffold. A scaffold should be tied off or stabilized with outriggers when its height is more than three (3) times its width, and should also be tied off horizontally every 30 feet. The safe working loads on all scaffolds should not be exceeded. Do not alter any scaffold member by welding, burning, cutting, drilling, or bending. Scaffolds under which personnel are to pass should be provided with ½ inch mesh, No. 18 gauge wire screen or equivalent between the toe board and handrail. Introduction to Network Cabling Copper Based Systems Figure 3. 1 A scaffolding erected on a residence. Do you think there should be a barricade underneath?

3 Safety and Lightning Protection Barricades Anyone who created a hazard is responsible for having it barricaded, so others will not come into harm’s way. Barricades are required around work areas, including openings in floors, roofs, and elevated platforms, manholes, and under overhead work. Barricades should be at least 42 inches When a ladder can not be used safely, you may need a personnel lift, like a scissors lift. This is a working platform mounted on a large scissors jack. It is stable, but cannot be maneuvered around obstacles, so you must check for overhead obstructions before using it. Keep in mind the maximum working height of the lift, and the work area you intend to use it in. Some of the advantages of using a lift are: • A mechanized lift can save time. • Working under a lift is safer than working under a ladder. • Use of a lift can avoid shifting around the weight of a ladder. An 18 foot wooden ladder can weigh over 125 lbs. Indications that a lift is needed are: • There is a limited area to work in, for example, an aisle of a store. • The type of work involves lifting over 25 lbs. and staying on a ladder over 15 minutes. • Working height is more than 12 feet. • The job involves continually going up and down, for example, a long wire run in a warehouse. • Total time spent on the ladder is over 30 minutes. Figure 3. 14. 1 Figure 3. 14. 2 • Lack of support for the ladder: no place to rest it. • The job needs more than one tech on a ladder, for note: Remember to lower all lifts when not in use. example, hanging speakers or signs. Introduction to Network Cabling Copper Based Systems

3 Safety and Lightning Protection Fire Protection Alarms You should know: • • Where the nearest fire alarm box is located. How to turn on an alarm. The site emergency phone numbers. The proper exit route and place to meet. There are three major types of fires: • class a - Wood, paper, cloth, trash • class b - Flammable liquids, oil, gas, grease • class c - Electrical, energized electrical equipment Extinguishers You should know: • Where the nearest fire extinguisher is located. • How to operate it. • The type of fire on which it should be used. Fire extinguishers emit different fire-suppressant materials, based on the type of fire they are intended for: Water, Carbon Dioxide, or Multi-Purpose Dry Chemical. An extinguisher will be rated with symbols like those to the right, showing what kind of fire they are intended to put out. An extinguisher rated ABC can be used for almost any type of fire. Combustibles Combustible material should be kept away from steam lines, radiators, heaters, and hot process and service lines. Use nonflammable or flame retardant materials whenever possible. Introduction to Network Cabling Copper Based Systems

3 Safety and Lightning Protection ACTIVITY 3. 2 Safety • • • OSHA regulations and standards are voluntary. a. True b. False Safety glasses should be worn by everyone who is doing mechanical/electrical work, working with chemicals, or working with exposed wire or optical fiber. a. True b. False It is OK to begin work without the required work permit as long as you intend to get one within 24 hours. a. True b. False If you need a straight ladder, and one is not available, you may use a step ladder in its place. a. True b. False When working above others, barricade or otherwise protect the area beneath you. a. True b. False The 1: 4 ratio is a safety rule for the placement of ladders. a. True b. False Because it is enclosed, you don’t need to wear head protection in a crawl space. a. True b. False Material Safety Data Sheets contain private information of the manufacturer and should not be shown to anyone. a. True b. False Any type of fire extinguisher may be used on any type of fire. a. True b. False Always use a ladder to climb on to a scaffold. a. True b. False Introduction to Network Cabling Copper Based Systems

3 Safety and Lightning Protection and Grounding • • 1. 2. 3. 4. Lightning is one of the most dangerous and destructive weather phenomena. Care must be taken to protect electrical installations in buildings from the harmful effects of lightning strikes. Lightning protection consists of capturing a lightning strike and conducting it to ground safely, where its energy can be dissipated harmlessly into the earth. A lightning protection system is made up of: air terminals (lightning rods): Metal rods installed on the roof at regular intervals as defined by industry standards. conductors: Aluminum or copper cables that connect the air terminals and the other system components. Ground terminations: Metal rods driven into the earth to guide the lightning current harmlessly to ground. Surge arrestors and Suppressors: Devices installed along with a lightning protection system to protect electrical wiring and electronic systems and equipment. Lightning happens when a cloud builds up an electric charge of enough power to create a strong electric field around it. The electric field around the cloud ionizes the surrounding air—strips electrons from the air molecules— leaving the air positively charged. These "loose" electrons provide a pathway for an electric current to pass from the bottom of the cloud, which is negatively charged, to the ground, which is positively charged. Figure 3. 17. 2 Figure 3. 17. 1 Introduction to Network Cabling Copper Based Systems

3 Safety and Lightning Protection Lightning Facts A bolt of lightning contains over a megawatt of power. That’s more than a million watts, enough power to light over 10, 000 100 -watt light bulbs. A bolt of lightning is five times hotter than the surface of the sun. To find out how many miles away a lightning strike is, count the seconds between the flash and the thunder and divide by five. An average year sees about 25 million lightning strikes in the United States alone. Thunder is the shockwave produced when the superheated air around the lightning bolt explodes. Introduction to Network Cabling Copper Based Systems

3 Safety and Lightning Protection Grounding Electrical grounding is the responsibility of the contractor who installed the site’s electrical system. However, you should verify the ground before you work with it. The National Electric Code requires that a ground electrode should be 25 ohms or less. If it isn't, you must augment it by driving a ground rod no closer than 6' from the primary electrode. The ground electrode is a metal stake driven into the ground to which the ground wire is attached. A telecom ground is held to much tighter tolerances, 5 ohms or less. Test the ground you have, and if it is not 5 ohms or less, you must alter the resistance of the ground or install another one. What Gets Grounded In your Home At your business • • • • • The TV antenna or ham radio antenna Cable TV entering your home Electrical panels Electrical outlets Outdoor lights Security systems and alarms Telephone lines and equipment Lightning rods Elevators Escalators Steel structures Cellular towers Antennas of any kind Outdoor lights Power poles Auxiliary buildings (storage, barns, etc) Emergency lights Bus ways, ducts Electrical and telephone communications rooms Metal conduits Introduction to Network Cabling Copper Based Systems

3 Safety and Lightning Protection Grounding Telecommunications grounding is the responsibility of the tech and is always required in installing telecommunications equipment. Typically, these grounds are found at: • The Demarcation Point, where there might be exposed cable • Equipment Rooms • Telecommunications Rooms Grounding of telecommunications equipment is accomplished through a series of grounding busbars, perforated metal bars that help form a grounding network. The network is like an inverted triangle, going from many connections to fewer to one: • • • Each equipment rack has an individual grounding busbar to which all elements of the rack, including the drain wires of any STP cables, are attached. All the equipment rack grounding busbars in a telecom or equipment room are connected to a Telecom Grounding Busbar (TGB). In larger buildings, all the TGB’s for each floor are connected to some local ground, like the steel frame of the building. All the TGB’s on all the floors are connected to a Telecom Main Grounding Busbar (TMGB). The TMGB is connected to the electrical ground for the building; Sometimes these bars are treated with an antioxidant solution to prevent corrosion. Treating a busbar with antioxidant Introduction to Network Cabling Copper Based Systems Figure 3. 20. 1

3 Safety and Lightning Protection Grounding According to the National Electric Code, how these connections are made depends on the type of building. In a smaller building, say, three stories or less, the telecom grounding busbars are connected to a telecom main grounding busbar (TMGB), which is normally located in or near the entrance facility, by a telecommunications bonding backbone (TBB) conductor. This main grounding bar is connected to the building’s electrical ground, Grounding to main busbar usually one or more metal stakes driven into the earth. In a building of any size, it is more likely the telecom grounding busbars for each floor will be connected to a local ground on that floor (for example, the steel frame of the building). This is in addition to a TBB connecting all of them to the main telecom grounding busbar, and then to the electrical ground. All conductors should take the shortest, most direct route possible. Whichever method is used, there should be a common ground. All of the equipment should be grounded the same way. Grounding to Local Ground, then through tbb to telecom main Grounding busbar, from there to building electrical Ground Figure 3. 21. 1 Introduction to Network Cabling Copper Based Systems

3 Safety and Lightning Protection Grounding busbars are connected with telecom bonding backbone cable. This is a copper cable with a minimum diameter of AWG #6 (. 162” or 6 -gauge): Telecom Bonding Backbone Cable Figure 3. 22. 1 In some instances, grounding can be done to the steel framework of the building. Water pipes were once considered an acceptable ground, but nowadays, many water pipe systems contain non-metallic pipes. Since they may include pipes of PVC plastic, water pipes are no longer a proper ground. Grounding Busbar Figure 3. 22. 2 Introduction to Network Cabling Copper Based Systems

3 Safety and Lightning Protection Bonding Techniques used to bond the grounding backbone conductor to the grounding network include bolting, crimping, and exothermic weld. Conductors should be copper or copper alloy. Bolting, or mechanical bonding, involves attaching the two grounds together with a bolt or clamp or similar piece of hardware. Surface preparation is crucial to a good connection. All surfaces should be clean and treated with an antioxidant to prevent rust. The advantages to this method are that it is simple and cheap and can be undone and redone elsewhere. The disadvantage is that such connections can become loosened over time due to vibration or changes in temperature. Crimping, or pressure connection, is a second bonding method. A special crimping lug is attached to the busbar and the conductor inserted. A crimping tool clamps the lug around the conductor and compresses them together. This type of bond is more reliable than a mechanical bond. Figure 3. 2 Introduction to Network Cabling Copper Based Systems Figure 3. 23. 1

3 Safety and Lightning Protection Exothermic Weld Exothermic welding is applied to ground connections that need extra protection, especially those out of doors, such as cell towers, outside generators, and portable buildings. It is a permanent connection that uses welding metal to bond the connectors together. Typically, the connectors are placed in a mold over which is a crucible, a container where the welding material is melted. The crucible is separated from the mold by a thin steel disk. Welding metal is placed in the crucible and starter material is placed on top of the welding metal. The starter material has a low flash point. When it is ignited with a spark, it burns very hot and melts the welding metal. When the welding metal grows hot enough to melt the steel disk, it flows down into the mold and around the conductors. Once the mold has cooled, the weld is complete and may be removed. Most exothermic welds are done outdoors, where there is enough ventilation for the fumes. Special nontoxic welding metal should be used for indoor welds. Figure 3. 24. 1 Figure 3. 24. 2 The completed weld Figure 3. 24. 3 Introduction to Network Cabling Copper Based Systems

3 Safety and Lightning Protection Activity 3. 3 Grounding and Bonding 1. All Telecom devices are ultimately grounded to the: a. Telecom Grounding Bracket b. Telecom main grounding busbar c. Telecom Grounding Busbar d. Universal Telecom Ground 2. Which of the following is NOT a bonding technique? a. Exothermic b. Bolting c. In tumescent d. Crimping 3. Acceptable grounds in a structure include the steel frame of the building, or the water pipes. a. True b. False 4. Which of the following is NOT a component of a lightning protection system? a. Air Terminals b. Ground Terminations c. Conductors d. Telecom grounding busbar 5. In larger buildings, it is likely that telecom grounding busbars are first connected to a(n) ______ before being connected to the main ground. a. equipment room b. local ground c. demarc d. lightning rod Introduction to Network Cabling Copper Based Systems

3 Safety and Lightning Protection Electricity Figure 3. 26. 1 A booklet on the wonders of electricity from 1888. As a cable network technician you will be dealing with wire circuits such as telephone lines. Therefore, you need to have a basic understanding of electrical circuits and electricity What is electricity? It is one of the basic forms of energy. Everything is made up of atoms, which in turn are made of (among other things) Electrons (negative matter) and Protons (positive matter). Electrons can flow from atom to atom, and this movement of electrons is electricity. In some materials, such as wood, plastic, rubber and cotton, the electrons flow with difficulty. They are insulators and tend to keep electricity where it is. In other materials, like copper, gold, or silver, electrons flow freely. These and other metals have a low resistance to the flow of electrons, and so are good conductors of electricity. Gold and silver are too expensive. Other metals, like steel, are hard to work with, so copper is used for most circuits. Introduction to Network Cabling Copper Based Systems

3 Safety and Lightning Protection Other Electricity Concepts resistance is the property of a conductor that slows down or obstructs the flow of current. It's measured in ohms per meter or foot of conductor. Copper offers low resistance and electrons flow easily through it, making it a good conductor. The length of the wire and the thickness (gauge) also affect resistance. Connect a light bulb and a battery with 12 inches of wire and you'll get a bright light. Connect them with 12 feet of wire and you will see the bulb become dimmer—thus the longer the wire, the greater the resistance. If you constructed the same circuit with a foot of 24 gauge wire and, and then with 19 gauge, you will notice that the light becomes brighter. Thus, the smaller the gauge number, (and the thicker the wire) the less resistance in the wire. This resistance is measured in ohms Gauge is a measurement of the wire’s diameter. The standard gauge for measuring wire conductors is the American Wire Gauge (AWG). As the wire gauge numbers increase, the diameter of the cable decreases. So, for example, a #1 cable is about. 29 of an inch; a #20 wire is. 032 of an inch. The wire in twisted pair cables is usually 24 gauge AWG. #1 AWG #10 AWG #15 AWG #20 AWG . 2893” . 1019” . 0571” . 0320” #27 AWG. 0142 Voltage is the measurement of electromotive force that "pushes" the current through a circuit. When you connect a battery to a light bulb, the negative terminal sends electrons through the wire, through the bulb, and back to the positive terminal, causing the bulb to light. The bigger the battery the more electrons flow. Another way of thinking about voltage is as the "electron pressure" in the wires, like the water pressure in a pipe. Voltage is measured in volts. Introduction to Network Cabling Copper Based Systems

3 Safety and Lightning Protection Insulators - Plastic, rubber, glass and cotton are poor conductors of electricity. Electrons have difficulty flowing through these materials, so they are used as insulators. Look at your cutters and punch down tools and notice they are coated with plastic or rubber. This prevents you from being shocked by these low-voltage circuits. A good insulator has a very high resistance. With the use of the proper insulator we can control electricity in a productive manner. current is the rate of flow of the electrons. It's the volume of electrons in the wire. It's measured in amperes, and is sometimes called the amperage. If voltage increases and resistance stays the same, current will also increase. If resistance increases and voltage stays the same, current will decrease. ohm's Law deals with the relation between Current (I), Voltage (V), and Resistance (r). It states that the current is equal to the voltage divided by the resistance. Or I=V/r So, if your voltage is 120, and you use 6 amps, what is the resistance? 6 amps = 120 volts/ x ohms Multiply both sides by x— 6 x=120 Divide both sides by 6—x = 120/6 x=20 ohms watts are a measurement of electrical power. One watt is the amount of power it takes to maintain a current of one amp under the pressure of one volt. You find watts by multiplying current by voltage. The watts in our example would be: 120 v X 6 amps= 720 watts of power. Introduction to Network Cabling Copper Based Systems

3 Safety and Lightning Protection Activity 3. 4 Ohms, Volts and Amps Watts = Current (amps) X Volts Current (amps) = Volts/resistance (ohms) One kilowatt equals 1000 watts. Power companies charge their customers by the kilowatt. If one kilowatt costs $0. 20, and an electric heater uses 1200 watts per hour, how much would it cost to run the heater for two hours? 1200 x 2 = 2400/1000 = 2. 4. 20 x 2. 4 = $. 48 How many amps at 120 volts does it take to light a 150 watt light bulb? 150 w = 120 v x i 150/120 = i 1. 25 = i We want to install a doorbell in a large house. The wire we are using is rated at 1 ohm of resistance for every 10 feet. If the chimes are 200 feet away and need. 3 amps in order to work, how much voltage would be needed on the line to ring them? . 3 i = v /(200/10). 3 i = v/20 20 x. 3 i = v 6=v The voltage is 240, and the current is 10 amps. What's the resistance? 10 i = 240 v/r 10 x r = 240/10 r = 24 The voltage is 240, and the current is 10 amps. What's the wattage? W = 10 i x 240 v W = 2400 Introduction to Network Cabling Copper Based Systems

3 Safety and Lightning Protection Direct and Alternating Current is the movement of electrons from a power source to a device that uses that power. Current comes in two different kinds: Direct and Alternating. direct current flows in one direction from the power source to the device or appliance. Alternating current flows back and forth or "alternates" at a rate of 60 cycles per second in the US(60 hertz, or Hz). Electric power supplied to homes and businesses is typically AC (alternating current). The energy is supplied as a voltage through a large power distribution network. Electric power is generated within a power station, and sent through a network of power lines to consumers. This is done in several steps: 1. Electric power is sent from the power plant with high current levels and voltages of 2. 3. several thousand volts. The voltage is stepped up even further to several hundred thousand volts. This is done because less energy is lost during passage through the overhead power lines. Before the power is distributed to industrial users, the voltage is stepped down to a workable level. For home use, the voltage is stepped down even further to 110 volts. Each time the voltage is stepped up or down, a transformer is used. Transformers are devices that work only with alternating current to either step up or step down voltages. This is seen as an advantage of AC over DC. DC (direct current) is commonly found in many low-voltage applications, especially those powered by batteries, which can only produce DC. Automobiles use DC. The generator creates AC and uses a rectifier to produce DC. Most electronic circuits require a DC power supply. DC is also used in solar power systems that are supplied by solar cells. Figure 3. 30. 1 Introduction to Network Cabling Copper Based Systems

3 Safety and Lightning Protection Thomas Edison was a strong proponent of Direct Current. He had a network of power stations supplying electricity to homes and businesses, all direct current. Many such stations were needed, since direct current lost so much power after about a mile that it could no longer be used. In 1887, Nicola Tesla, a former employee of Edison's, patented a complete system of generators, transformers, transmission lines, motors and lighting for alternating current. The voltage of alternating current could be stepped up by transformers to minimize power loss during transmission and stepped down again at the point of use. This meant fewer power stations and less copper wire. George Westinghouse bought Tesla's patents and formed his own power company. Figure 3. 31. 1 A fierce rivalry broke out between the two companies. Edison denounced AC as unsafe and launched a fullscale propaganda campaign against it. However, the fortunes of the Westinghouse Company were assured when they won the bid to illuminate the Columbian Exposition in 1893. Westinghouse's AC solution came in at half the cost of General Electric's DC solution. From that point forward more than 80 percent of all the electrical devices ordered in the United States were for alternating current. Introduction to Network Cabling Copper Based Systems

3 Safety and Lightning Protection Static Electricity Figure 3. 32. 1 Another form of electricity is static electricity, which does not flow. Did you ever rub your feet on a carpet and then touch a doorknob? You could see a spark (voltage) jump from your finger to the door knob. That is static electricity. Normally air is not a good conductor of electricity, but if you create a large enough static charge (that is, electrons wanting to move) at one end—your body—these electrons will jump through the air or discharge to the door knob. It takes several thousand volts to make a spark jump like that. Lightning is a good example of a major static discharge. This discharged static voltage is not only dangerous to you, but can cause major damage to electrical circuits such as computers, videos, alarms, and telephone equipment. These circuits should be grounded to prevent this type of damage. One of your jobs might be to ground and bond the type of equipment you are working on. It is a good idea to wear a special wrist strap that eliminates static charges on your body before working with these circuits. Introduction to Network Cabling Copper Based Systems

3 Safety and Lightning Protection Low Voltage License When working on High Power Circuits such as an electrician or a power lineman would be working on, you are known as a High Voltage Technician. You are preparing yourselves to become Low Voltage Technicians. You will be dealing mostly with low power circuits such as telephone (voice), television (video), computers (data), and security circuits (alarms). Some states and cities require you to have a low voltage license to work on this type of cabling. These states have different requirements, but in general, to qualify for the license, you must: Show that you have experience working with low voltage cable (required length of time varies). Pass a written test. These licenses are usually renewable. The time period differs from state to state. A few points to keep in mind when applying for these licenses: Make your application to the state agency responsible and follow their instructions. Proper paperwork is very important. Some states require the application be notarized. Know what's expected of you and do it. 1. 2. Pay particular attention to what is needed to sit for the exam. Is there a separate form you use to register, or does the license application serve that purpose? Does the state send confirmations? If not, you should phone to confirm. Is there a fee to be paid? If you show up for the exam, and your name is not on the list, you won't get to take the exam. Ask the state agency about recommended study materials for the written exam. The exam will certainly cover the applicable code, but there may be other materials as well. What is the proportional relationship between conductor length and conductor size? a. resistance b. impedance c. capacitance d. attenuation When running low voltage cables in a ceiling that is being used for air handling, what type of cable should be installed? a. fiber-optic cable b. shielded cable c. PVC-jacketed cable Introduction to Network Cabling Copper Based Systems d. plenum-rated cable

3 Safety and Lightning Protection Once you have the study materials, study them. This is the place where many candidates drop the ball. Study time is essential for a good showing on the exam. Many exams are "open book" exams (ask if yours is), but they are also timed. You must be familiar with the material in order to find the answers you need quickly. Figure 3. 34. 1 Make sure you have the required amount of experience and that it is documented. This proof can be a letter from your former employer, pay stubs, a certificate from a training facility, or something similar. You must be able to prove your experience, or your application will not be approved. If your state requires such a license, go to that state's web site, pull up the dates of the license exams and required books. Some of these books are, American Electrician's Handbook by Croft & Summers, Telecommunications Wiring, by Clyde Herrick, but be sure to use the ones required in your state. A course like this one is not a substitute for studying for the licensing exam, but this course will cover much of the material you are expected to know. Introduction to Network Cabling Copper Based Systems Figure 3. 34. 2

3 Safety and Lightning Protection Module Review Safety… is performing your daily tasks in a safe manner. is protecting people, equipment, and the environment. is required on the job! Before beginning any job, it is important to understand how to do it safely. Safety is your responsibility. If you don’t understand how to do the job safely, stop what you are doing. Ask your supervisor to explain or demonstrate the safety precautions fully. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is the arm of the Department of Labor concerned with workplace safety. OSHA establishes protective standards, enforces those standards, and reaches out to employers and employees through technical assistance and consultation programs. The National Fire Protection Association publishes the National Electrical Code (NEC) every three years. The NEC covers installations of electric conductors and equipment within or on public and private buildings. All premises wiring should comply with the NEC and local ordinances. All cables and apparatus must be "approved for the purpose. " Don’t wear loose clothing or jewelry that might catch in machinery. Do wear a hard hat whenever there’s a danger of head injury. Do wear safety glasses, work gloves and protective shoes. Avoid contact with skin or lung irritants. Use proper protection when dealing with these substances. Protect your back when lifting. Familiarize yourself with the worksite before you begin. Obtain all the required permits. Observe lockout procedures to prevent unintentional starting up of equipment. Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCIS) should be used on all extension cords and portable tools. Never perform hot work—work on energized electrical equipment. Take great care when working near such equipment. Always observe proper grounding procedures. The telecom ground can be bonded to the electrical ground by bolting, crimping, or exothermic weld. Exercise care when dealing with hazardous substances. Review Material Safety Data Sheets for hazardous substances being used. Make sure all tools are properly maintained and in good working order. Introduction to Network Cabling Copper Based Systems

3 Safety and Lightning Protection A lightning protection system is made up of: Air Terminals (lightning rods) Conductors Ground Terminations Surge Arrestors and Suppressors Grounding of telecom equipment is accomplished by a series of grounding bars connected by telecom grounding backbone cable. This cable is copper or copper alloy and not thinner than AWG #6. Backbone cable is bonded to the grounding network through bolting, crimping or exothermic weld. When working in a crawl space, wear a hard hat and, if dust or noxious fumes are present, breathing protection. Make sure you know what other systems are sharing the space before you begin. Do not drop anything from spaces above dropped ceilings. Guard against scaffolding or equipment moving unexpectedly. Always inspect a ladder or scaffolding before using it. Do not stand on the top rungs of a step ladder. Avoid metal ladders. Never over-extend yourself when on a ladder. Use both hands when climbing or descending. When using a straight ladder, observe the 1: 4 ratio. Place the ladder so its base is one foot away from what it leans against for every four feet in height to the point where the ladder rests. Use a ladder to mount a scaffold; never climb on the scaffold itself. Scaffolds should be made secure; tie off a scaffold horizontally every 30 feet. Never structurally alter a scaffold. A scissors lift is a work platform mounted on a scissors jack. They move only up and down, so you must look out for overhead obstacles before you use it. Consider using a lift when work height exceeds 12 feet. Work areas should be barricaded to keep unauthorized persons out of the area. Introduction to Network Cabling Copper Based Systems

3 Safety and Lightning Protection Fire Safety you should know: Where the nearest fire alarm box is located. How to turn on an alarm. The site emergency phone numbers. The proper exit route and place to meet. Where the nearest fire extinguisher is located. How to operate it. The type of fire on which it should be used. There are three major types of fires: class a - Wood, paper, cloth, trash class b - Flammable liquids, oil, gas, grease class c - Electrical, energized electrical equipment Fire extinguishers are rated with letters and symbols, showing what kind of fire they are intended to put out. An extinguisher rated ABC can be used for almost any type of fire. Combustible material should be kept away from steam lines, radiators, heaters, and hot process and service lines. Introduction to Network Cabling Copper Based Systems

3 Safety and Lightning Protection NEW TERMS TERM alternating current asbestos creosote direct current Electrical DEFINITION Current that alternates as in a sine wave. A non-conducting, fireproof mineral used in electrical insulation. An oily liquid distilled from tar, used as a wood preservative. When current flows in one direction. disconnect Switch A switch used to de-energize entire electrical panels or services. exothermic weld A permanent connection between ground conductors that uses welding metal to bond the connectors together. Ground Fault circuit Interrupter (GFCI) A device for de-energizing a circuit the instant a short-to-ground occurs. Lockout A device for assuring a circuit is de-energized while repairs are being made. Low Voltage License A special license, required in some states, for working on low voltage systems. material Safety data Sheet (MSDS) An OSHA requirement that lists the physical properties and hazards of chemicals. OSHA The Occupational Safety and Health Administration, the arm of the Department of Labor concerned with workplace safety. outriggers Additional supports used for stabilizing scaffolding. respirator A mask to prevent the inhalation of harmful substances. Scaffold A temporary framework used for supporting workers. transformer A device to step up or down the voltage of alternating current. Introduction to Network Cabling Copper Based Systems

Introduction to Networking Copper-Based Systems (Version 3. 3) © 1998 -2012 by C-Tech Associates, Inc. TRADEMARK ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS All Trademarks and Registered Trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Any oversight in acknowledging trademarks shall not be regarded as affecting the validity of any of these or as an infringement on them. ISBN# 0 -9789769 -7 -5 Coppers 3. 3 Student Manual and CD 0 -9789769 -8 -3 Coppers 3. 3 Student Manual, CD and Consumables 0 -9826956 -5 -9 Coppers 3. 3 Instructor Manual and CD Placement of Copper Cable System Residential & Commercial

9 Placement of Copper Cable Systems – Residential & Commercial QUESTIONS? Module Test Time! Placement of Copper Cable System Residential & Commercial