3 D CADASTRES IN EUROPE A short introduction

3 D CADASTRES IN EUROPE A short introduction to the cadastres of some European countries with the main emphasis on the 3 D Cadastre of Norway with examples from the City of Oslo by Tor Valstad Norway 1

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3 D CADASTRES IN GREECE A typical example of a settlement’s vertical development is Santorini island in Greece Here a property’s yard can at the same time be the roof of a neighbouring one, providing two registered rights and consequently two different cadastral id numbers. In this case the only way to clarify the status of the ownerships and to visualize the position of the properties, is 3 D registration and representation. 4

3 D CADASTRES IN ISRAEL A cadastral map that illustrates the tunnel design under the cadastral 2 D parcel in Block Number 16353 in Israel All the sub-parcels that have been produced by intersecting the 3 D regular parcel with the tunnel and the station objects, may be united together in order to produce the main 3 D parcel of the tunnel. 5

3 D CADASTRES IN THE NETHERLANDS Current cadastral registration of 3 D situations can be accomplished by a notification in the cadastral registration specified with an ‘OB’ code (underground construction). Such a notification is registered on the surface parcel. In the full 3 D cadastre it will be possible to entitle a person or a company, to a volume parcel that is no longer related to the surface parcel (Jantien Stoter) Example of 3 D-drawing in strata title (by courtesy of Michael Barry). 6

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3 D CADASTRES IN SWEDEN • Sweden introduced a new type of property called 3 D-property in a new law enacted in 2004 • The idea was that you could separate the apartments in buildings from the lower commercial part • It is possible to create bridges, tunnels and caverns as 3 D-properties • These 3 D-properties can be limited on all sides 8

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3 D CADASTRES IN NORWAY 10

3 D CADASTRES IN NORWAY The Cadastral System of Norway • The present law on subdivision from 1978 had no provision for three- dimensional parcels so the City of Oslo established a system called the Oslo Method in 1987 based on an agreement between the City of Oslo and the local court • About 100 underground parcels have been registered since • An underground parcel is precisely defined in all three dimensions and ownership is limited to the constructed volume only • Special register number, since 300 are added to the area number of the surface parcel • Underground parcels may also be surveyed, but usually we accept the contractors drawings • Survey certificates are always made and used to register the new parcels in the national property register 11

3 D CADASTRES IN NORWAY OBLIQUE PHOTO 12

3 D CADASTRES IN NORWAY ORTHOPHOTO MAP 13

3 D CADASTRES IN NORWAY CADASTRAL MAP 14

3 D CADASTRES IN NORWAY New housing complex with underground parking 15

3 D CADASTRES IN NORWAY CADASTRAL MAP with underground parcels (black) and surface parcels (red) 16

3 D CADASTRES IN NORWAY Survey certificate for underground parcel 521/1. This is a complicated parcel with many different top levels, but only one bottom level. Coordinates for each corner are provided 17

3 D CADASTRES IN NORWAY New Law on Cadastre • A new law to replace The Subdivision Act has been in the making since 1998. It is now approved in the Parliament, but the law will not be enacted before 2007 • This law does not make any property three-dimensional, but it opens up for the creation of special “construction parcels”. These are three-dimensional and can be both below or above the surface parcel. The system will be very similar to the Oslo Method • Under the present law all cadastral surveying are a municipal responsibility. The new law proposes to end this monopoly and opens up for qualified private surveyors. 18

3 D CADASTRES IN NORWAY Property Construction property 19

3 D CADASTRES IN NORWAY Parcel Construction parcel 10/1 Construction parcel 10/2 20

3 D CADASTRES IN NORWAY Construction parcel 10/1 21

3 D CADASTRES IN NORWAY Construction parcel 10/1 Construction parcel 10/2 Sea bed 22

3 D CADASTRES IN NORWAY There is a distinct border between the built-up area and the recreational area in Oslo. This border has not been breached for a long time. Any expansion has to be done by densification or by building higher or below the ground 23