3. 2 English morphemes 3. 2. 1 Morphology(形态学) n The study of word-formation, or the internal structure of words, or the rules by which words are formed from smaller components – morphemes. n
3. 2. 1 Morphemes n n n n The smallest unit of meaning in English in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be further divided into smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical. E. g. One morpheme------nation two morphemes----- nation+al three morphemes----nation+al+ize four morphemes-----de+nation +al +ize more than four morphemes---de+nation+al+iz+ation
Case study 1 n Purify n Pur(e) + -ify n A rule: a new form of verb can be created by adding –ify to an adjective. n Amplify, simplify, electrify, falsify, etc. n What about –ify being added to a noun? n class—classify, beauty—beautify, glory--glorify
3. 2. 2 Types of morphemes n (1) Free vs. Bound morphemes: Free morphemes: those that may constitute words by themselves, n eg boy, girl, table, nation. n Bound morphemes: those that cannot occur alone, eg -s, -ed, dis-, un-. n Mono-morphemic and poly-morphemic words n Eg. 1)Dog, nation, close, Otaku, etc. n 2)moonwalk, babysit, god father, wechat, hide-and-seek, . n
(2) affix morphemes and root morphemes n Affix: the type of formation that can be used only when added to another morpheme. Normally divided into n prefix (dis-, un and -) n suffix (-en, -ify ). ). n
(3)Root: the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main meaning of the word. It cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity, eg friend in as unfriendliness. n Roots may be n free: those that can stand by themselves, eg black+board ; nation; or n bound: those that cannot stand by themselves, eg -ceive receive, perceive, conceive in. n
3. 2. 3 Types of morphemes stem n A stem is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflection affix can be added. n eg. Friend in friends; n friendship in friendships n Note: a stem may be the same as a root, whereas a stem may contain a root and one, or more than one, derivational affix. n
1. Stem n. Root n+ n. Affix nstem n. Job+s, desir+ed, sitt+ing, etc.
1. Stem n n n. Root + n. Affix 1 + n. Affix 2 n. Stem n. Unlock+ed, un+desirable+s
1. Stem nn. Root + n. Affix 1 + n. Affix 2 + n. Affixn-1 + n. Affixn nstem nde+nation+al+iz(e) +ed
1. Stem n n n. Root + n. Stem n. Greenhouse+s n. Affix
3. 2. 3 Types of morphemes n A stem is of concern only when dealing with inflectional morphology. n Inflectional affixes are added to it: in the part of the word-formation which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed.
2. Base A base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added; it may also be defined as “a form to which a rule of word-formation is applied. ” n Distinction between base and root n A base is derivationally analysable form to which derivational affixes are added, while a root is a form which permits no further analysis. E. g. n Greenhouses: n base: greenhouse VS root: green, house n
2. Base Distinction between base and stem n Both derivational and inflectional affixes can be added to a base, whereas only inflectional affixes can be added to a stem. E. g. n 1. Desirable n Base: desire root: desire n a suffix –able is added to “desire”, while desire is also the root because it is not further analyzable. n 2. Undesirable n Base: desirable; root : desire n
2. Base nunanalysable root n(base) n+ n. Derivational suffix ndesire n. Figure (1) able
2. Base n. Derivational prefix nun n + n. Analysable base desirable n. Figure (2)
2. Base nstem/base n+ n. Inflectional suffix nundesirable n. Figure (3) s
3. 2. 3 Types of morphemes nroot /stem/ base n+ n. Inflectional suffix ndesire n. Figure (4) d
(3) Derivational morphemes n Derivational morphemes (derivational affixes): they are so called because when they are added to another morpheme, they “derive” a new word. n Eg. Re+write, mini+ car, super+market, modern+ize, careless+ness, worker.
(3) Derivational morphemes Many derivational morphemes have a special lexical meaning: e. g. n --ism means “doctrine or point of view as in socialism; n pro-means “on the side of” in pro-communist. n Derivational morphemes have not only independent lexical meaning but also affective meaning. E. g. Pejorative meaning: misdeed, maltreat, pseudoscience Derogatory meaning: hireling, weakling, childish, bookish. n
(4) Inflectional morphemes An inflectional morpheme serves to express such meanings as plurality, tense, and the comparative or superlative degree. n It does not form a new word with new lexical meaning when it is added to another word. Nor does it change the word-class of the word to which it is affixed. E. g. n Chairs, boxes; working, worked; slower, slowest. n
The hierarchical structure of a word unsuitable (adj. ) n n n un- suitable (adj. ) suit (v) -able
Topic for discussion Explain the following statement with example. n Phoneme is the smallest meaningful unit of sound and morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit in grammar. n
Скачать презентацию 3 2 English morphemes 3 2 1 Morphology 形态学
e644acca1b56eb8dcfbe19d17b539419.ppt