2017 China and Western Imperialism Power Point

2017 China and Western Imperialism Power. Point • “Carving the Dragon” • Political Cartoon: • Rough Translation--“The Dissection of the Chinese Monster: Russian Cossack to John Bull (Britain)--Look But Don’t Touch

Student Responsibilities During Power. Point • • • Highlight key information. Add information from the oral part of the lecture. Respond to the included Primary Sources. Do the Pair-Share Activities Take additional notes from the You. Tube Videos.

Weaknesses of the Qing Dynasty

Weakness of the Qing Dynasty (1644 to 1911) • Sino-centric philosophy, inability of ruling class to modernize to keep up with rival powers • Isolationist Policy: • No access to outside world, population felt no sense of nationalism • Lack of trade increased poverty • Hurt foreign relations http: //www. history-ofchina. com/qing-dynasty/

Weaknesses of Qing Dynasty • Population explosion brought need for resources, reforms, and modernization, Qing refused to address the needs of the people • 1700 s to mid-1800 s = massive population growth • Results: – Growing pressure on the land – Smaller farms for China’s huge peasant population – Unemployment – Poverty – Starvation and misery Poor Chinese Cat Merchants, 1843 (Sold for food, not as pets!)

Weaknesses of Qing Dynasty • China’s centralized government did not expand to cope with this growing population • Became unable to effectively perform many functions – – Tax collection Social welfare Flood control Public security • Result = central government lost power to officials in the provinces and local landowners – Many were corrupt – Treated the peasants very harshly

Pair-Share Activity • Of all the weaknesses of the Qing Dynasty, which do you think was the greatest and left China open to Western Imperialism? • Explain why.

Importance of Opium

Early Trade Between China and Britain • China was largely isolationist • Looked down on Europe and didn’t want to interact with them • Chinese restricted European trade to a single port city: Canton • British hoped to trade manufactured goods for tea, porcelain, and silk from China • However, the Chinese were not interested in European goods. They only wanted silver or gold

Tea Trade Leads To Opium • Due to the growing volume of tea trade, Britain wanted greater access to China’s markets. – Tea exports from China grew from 92, 000 pounds to 2. 7 million pounds in 1751. – By 1800, the British East India Company was buying 23 million pounds of tea per year at a cost of 3. 6 million pounds of silver. • Concerned that the trade with China was draining Britain ‘s silver supply, Britain looked for different commodity to use to buy the tea and porcelain. • They found it in OPIUM!

The Opium Trade • British began to forge links • 90% of male population with Chinese opium under 40 along the dealers coast was addicted • Started to illegally trade • 3, 540, 450 pounds of opium for Chinese goods opium imported to • By 1820, 80% of all people China in 1832 living in Canton were addicted to opium • Britain essentially was a huge international drug dealer

Eve of First Opium War • • • Opium Imports to China From India One Chest =140 Pounds 1773 1000 Chests 1790 4000 Chests 1820 s 10, 000 Chests 1828 18, 000 Chests 1839 40, 000 Chests 1865 76, 000 Chests 1884 81, 000 Chests *This was the peak of the opium trade.

First Opium War

Commissioner Lin The Lin Zexu Memorial Museum, Macao, China. • Imperial Commissioner Lin Zexu was appointed in March 1839 to end the opium trade. • He did this by terminating all trade until the British surrendered their opium and signed pledges to stop further smuggling. • The Superintendent of Trade, Captain Elliott, ordered 21, 306 chests to be delivered to Lin. • Lin ordered them to be publically destroyed.

“By what right do they [British merchants] use the poisonous drug to injure the Chinese people? I have heard that the smoking of opium is very strictly forbidden by your country; that is because the harm caused by opium is clearly understood. Since it is not permitted to do harm to your own country, then even less should you let it be passed on to the harm of other countries. ” – Lin Zexu What is the argument of Lin Zexu to the British?

War Breaks Out • The Qing emperor was angry about the drug trade coming from the British. • In 1839 the Emperor’s advisor writes a letter to Queen Victoria demanding the drug trade stop. • The Opium War breaks out between Britain and China in 1839, but is fought mainly at sea. • The Chinese are no match for Britain’s steampowered gun boats. • The Treaty of Nanjing is signed in 1842.

Effects/Impact of First Opium War

Treaty of Nanjing: Test Question • Referred to as the Unequal Treaties – accepted 1843 • Great Britain received – 21 million ounces of silver – Fixed tariffs – Extraterritoriality for British citizens on Chinese soil – Most favored nation status – Allowed missionaries into interior of China – Allowed British merchants sphere of influence in and around British ports – Britain gains control of Hong Kong – Opened ports to British – Canton, Amoy, Fuzhou, Ningbo, Shanghai

Extraterritoriality: Right or principle that provides immunity (protection) from the laws of the country in which one is living/visiting. Example: A crime committed by a British sailor in Qing China would face British justice rather than a Chinese court.

Second Opium War or Arrow War

Second Opium War 1856 - 1860 • Also known as Arrow War • Followed incident when Chinese boarded British registered, Chinese owned ship – the Arrow • Crew was accused of piracy and smuggling –Were arrested

Effects/Impact of Second Opium War

Treaty of Tienjin or Tientsin: Test Question • The treaty powers were granted the following rights plus a 6 million tael indemnity. – To maintain resident legations in Beijing. – To travel in all parts of the interior with passport. – To trade in ten additional ports, four of which were on the Yangtze River. . – For missionaries to travel and anywhere in China. – The right of foreign vessels including warships to navigate freely on the Yangtze River – The Chinese are to be banned from referring to Westerners by the character "yi" (barbarian). – Legalized the import of Opium

You. Tube Clip: Have To Go To You. Tube To Watch • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=kd 2 CYPd. Ywc. Y&list=PL 2 NN 2 r kt. A 4 y. O 3 BMMi. Rpo. NYhhy. Iq. RZ-0 GC&index=15 • The Opium War - Lost in Compensation l HISTORY OF CHINA • IT'S HISTORY • Published on Aug 22, 2015 • Running Time of 8: 55 Minutes • The Opium War started as a dispute over trading rights between China and Great Britain.

Taiping Rebellion

The Taiping (Means Peace in Chinese) Rebellion • Led to many peasant rebellions and uprisings • 1850 – 1864 = Taiping Rebellion • Leaders believed in a unique form of Christianity • Believed he was the brother of Jesus Christ Painting of the Battle of Sanhe A major engagement of the Taiping Rebellion

Peasant Anger against Manchu-Rise of Taiping "Each year they [the Manchus] transform tens of millions of China's gold and silver into opium and extract several millions from the fat and marrow of the Chinese people and turn it into rouge and powder. . . How could the rich not become poor? How could the poor abide by the law? ” Michael, Franz. The Taiping Rebellion, page 23. What is the MAIN issue the Taiping had with the Qing Dynasty (the Manchus)?

Causes of Taiping Rebellion: Test Question • Peasant frustration with the Qing Dynasty—Wanted reforms to better their lives – Abolition of private property – Radical redistribution of land – Equality of men and women – Transformation of China into an industrial nation with railroads, health care for all, universal public education, etc. • Its goal was to overturn the Qing/ Manchu regime, which was regarded as alien, repressive, and corrupt • Expulsion of all Qing Dynasty “foreigners” and end opium smoking – End British Opium Trade

Taiping Rebellion • By 1850 s, Hong organized a massive peasant army and took control over large areas of southeastern China. • 1853 Hong captured Nanjing and made it his capital. • At their height Taipings control ¼ China, 600 major cities • Huge armies threaten to end the Qing Dynasty • Qing imperial troops and British and French forces all launched attacks against the Taiping government. • By 1864 the rebellion was put down, but at least 20 million people died in the rebellion. • Some historians say it is more like 50 to 70 million.

The Taiping Rebellion: Effects on China Chinese Peasants in the 19 th Century • Weakening of the Qing centralized government • Disruption and weakening of China’s economy • Destruction and devastation to the land • Estimated 20 -30 million lives lost • Continued social instability

Next Slide You. Tube Information • • • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Ua. Wv 5 c. E-_h. M Taiping Rebellion | 3 Minute History Jabzy Published on May 22, 2015 Running Time of Minutes One of the most deadly conflicts in world history

Self-Strengthening Movement

Self-Strengthening: Test Question a policy promoted by reformers toward the end of the Qing dynasty under which China would adopt Western technology while keeping its Confucian values and institutions

Self Strengthening Movement: Test Question • Dowager Empress Cixi resisted reforms but did support “self strengthening”. • Sought to update political, educational and military institutions. • Arsenals to manufacture modern weapons set up.

The Self-Strengthening Movement: Test Question Prince Gong (1833 -1898) • The goal was to deal with China’s deficiencies by: – Studying science, international law and foreign languages. – Establishing arsenals and shipyards in Shanghai, Canton and Fuchou. – Conducting relief projects in the Yangtze River basin. – Reforming the civil service exam system and local government.

Self-Strengthening Philosophy • Many in Qing government and Chinese society were concerned over the subversive impact of Western science and technology. • The principal argument for learning from the west was that “barbarian techniques” were appropriate against “barbarians. ” Western techniques would be used to protect Chinese civilization. • This is an example of why China would fall to Western Imperialism, while Japan will not. ---Basis for Short Answer Question on First East Asia Unit Test

Self-Strengthening Movement: Test Question EFFECTS • Produced warships & ammunitions • Boosted Chinese morale • Created large military arsenals run by foreigners that led to a trade imbalance and a lack of quality control because foreigners did not like working with Chinese resources.

Play From 2: 48 to 3: 50 on Self. Strengthening Movement

China Losing More To Imperialist Powers

In 1894, Japan went to war with China and defeated China. Japan annexed Korea and created its own sphere of influence in China.

Results of First Sino-Japanese War • Resulted in: – the annexation of Ryukyus (1879) – seizing Korean palace during its domestic rebellion (1894) – seizing Chinese harbor at Lüshun – Defeating Chinese Northern Fleet (2 battleships, 10 cruisers, 2 torpedo boats (1895) • Treaty of Shimonoseki ceded Taiwan to Japan “in perpetuity”

Open Door Policy and Spheres of Influence

Test Question Spheres of Influence areas in which foreign powers have been granted exclusive rights and privileges, such as trading rights and mining privileges

Open Door Policy 1899: Test Question • CAUSES – China has a weak military, as well as economic and political problems. – China is being divided up into more Western spheres of influence. – U. S. fears that China would be divided into formal colonies and American traders would be shut out.

Open Door Policy: Test Question • 1899 & 1900 • Proposed by US Secretary of State John Hay • Left China’s independence and territory intact • All nations allowed equal access to open trading ports • Only Chinese government allowed to collect taxes on trade • No great power exempt from paying harbor dues or railroad charges • Scramble for spheres of influence after 1 st Sino-Japanese War (18941895)

Trading Ports Europe Received Access To • France – Kwangchow – 99 -year lease • Germany – Shantung Peninsula – sphere of influence • Great Britain – Wei-hai-wei – naval base – Yangtze valley – sphere of influence • Russia – Liaotung Peninsula – lease – Manchuria – economic concessions

Open Door Policy 1899 • EFFECTS – This policy would protect American trading rights in China. – Keep China free from colonization – But China was still at the mercy of economic imperialism by foreign powers. – All nations except Japan acknowledged the importance of keeping China’s territorial and administrative integrity – Overall led to Manchurian Crisis of 1931 and war between China and Japan in 1937

You. Tube Video: Have To Go To You. Tube To Watch • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=9 w. Fjjd. M Hv 2 A • China__The_Open_Door_Policy. asf • john doe • Uploaded on Feb 25, 2010 • Running Time of 3: 28 Minutes

Chinese Resistance to Imperialist Threat

Empress Dowager Cixi (1835 -1908) • Cixi’s rule as regent from “behind the curtain” was symbolic of the problems faced by China. • She was committed to maintaining power. – She manipulated the succession of three child emperors. – She and those around her were totally corrupt, e. g. , building the marble pavilion with funds intended for the navy. • Nevertheless, provincial governors such as Li Hongzhang remained loyal to the dynasty.

An Upsurge in Chinese Nationalism • 1898, Emperor Guangxu introduced measures to modernize China’s educational system, economy, military, and government • Qing officials saw these innovations as a threat and called on the Dowager Empress to act. (Short Answer Question) • She has Guangxu arrested and reverses his reforms. Emperor Guangxu (center)

The Hundred Days Reforms

The Hundred Days Reforms • June 11 to September 21, 1898: Emperor Guangxu ordered a series of reforms aimed at making sweeping social and institutional changes. • The edicts attempted to modernize China and promote practical studies.

The Hundred Days Reforms • Conservative ruling elites opposed the reforms. Proposed moderate change. • Empress Dowager Cixi engineered a coup d'etat on September 21, 1898, forcing Guangxu into seclusion. • Cixi took over the government as regent.

Results of The Hundred Days Reforms • The Hundred Days' Reform ended with the revoking of the all the new policies and execution of six reformist leaders. (Short Answer Question)

Boxer Rebellion

Causes of Boxer Rebellion • Foreign influence – including architecture, industrial machines, technology and religion • Religion – Christian Missionaries threatened Chinese Confucianism • Foreign Troops – foreigners lived under extraterritoriality, did not follow Chinese laws, lived in own communities

Full-Scale War • With the government behind them, the Boxers launched a series attacks on mission compounds and on foreigners • In August 1900, the colonial troops of the Allied nations, about 20, 000, fought they way through Beijing – Soldiers of eight nations sacked the city and burnt imperial palace, the Forbidden City, and used it as the headquarters for the foreign expeditionary force – Boxer resistance quickly crumbled, hundreds of thousand were killed – More than two hundred foreigners were killed – Empress Dowager and Emperor Guangxu fled to the West, establishing a temporary capital in the city of Xi’an

Effects/Impact of Boxer Rebellion Test Question

Results Boxer Rebellion (1900) European imperialists, Americans, and Japanese put down the rebellion China paid $333, 000 in damages and had to permit military forces in Peking (Beijing) and Tientsin

Effects of Boxer Rebellion • China had to make concessions to foreigners • Chinese conservatives supported Westernization • Admitted women to schools • Stressed science and math instead of Confucian thought • Economic expansion – growth of exports • Chinese industry developed – emergence of urban working class • Spread Chinese Nationalism

Boxer Rebellion Effects Trade “Open-Door” Policy applied to all parts of China instead of only the areas within the sphere of influence Educational system replaced by Westernized systems leading to university degrees Education Mode of thinking changed from Confucianism to sciences, economics, engineering, geography, etc. Military system changed according to the models of Westerners and Japanese Unequal Treaties Revision of treaties were delayed due to this barbaric rebellion Qing government Due to its support of the “boxers”, its international position was weakened tremendously

You. Tube Video: Have To Go To You. Tube To Watch • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=0 l 4 C 3 v. Zud. ZI&index=17&list =PL 2 NN 2 rkt. A 4 y. O 3 BMMi. Rpo. NYhhy. Iq. RZ-0 GC • The Boxer Rebellion l HISTORY OF CHINA • IT'S HISTORY • Published on Aug 26, 2015 • Running Time of 8: 37 Minutes • The Boxer Rebellion was one of China's biggest uprisings against the unwanted European, US-American and Japanese Imperialism.

Revolution • Qing’s being “carved up like a melon” was a national disgrace, which Han Chinese could not tolerate • Revolutionaries wanted to overthrow the Manchu state “to avenge the national disgrace”, and “to restore the Chinese”

You. Tube Video: Have To Go To You. Tube To Watch--Review of Power. Point • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=tedg 6 j 2_LQ&index=16&list=PL 2 NN 2 rkt. A 4 y. O 3 BMMi. Rpo. NYhhy. Iq. RZ-0 GC • The Century of Humiliation - Part 1 l HISTORY OF CHINA • IT'S HISTORY • Published on Aug 24, 2015 • Running Time of 8: 21 Minutes • The period between the 1840 s and the 1940 s is known as China’s Century of Humiliation. During this time, the country suffered huge internal fragmentation, embarrassing loss of territory and invasion from powers that had, for thousands of years, been inferior to China. Invasions were followed by uprising and revolutions, forcing Imperial China to its knees. Learn all about the era that led to the foundation of the Republic of China in this episode of IT'S HISTORY.

Pair-Share Activity • Look over the entire Power. Point. • Identify three examples of how the Chinese isolated themselves or failed to modernize that left them vulnerable to Western Imperialism. (Short Answer Question)

: Carving the Dragon Reference