2011 Final Exam Review Hugo Grotius Mare

2011 Final Exam Review

Hugo Grotius Mare Liberum 1609 • • Whales Norwegian herring Peruvian anchovy Can. N. Atlantic cod • • Technology Capital Investment Fisheries Information Politics Social Issues Tragedy of commons Population

Inexhaustible Exhaustible • • Forces Tools of Collection Increased Demand Increased Supply Humans’ Rules Present Status Climate Change Issues • How oceans make fish • Why not more • Where are fish from • Management Principals • Fisheries Examples • Aquaculture • Health Issues

Hawaiian Fisheries • History of Pelagics • Coastal Fisheries Issues • • Precious Corals Ciguatera Marine Debris Biofuels

Some effects of atmospheric circulation cells Dry climate and high pressure in the vicinity 30 o latitude Wet climate and low pressure in the vicinity of the equator and 60 o latitude

OCEANIC GYRES

Upwelling Area Fisheries

How the Oceans Make Fish • Primary Production Commercial Fish • 3 Types of Ocean Areas – Open Ocean – Coastal Areas – Upwelling Areas

Open Ocean Area • • • Deep • Small Phytoplankton Low inputs Mostly Regen. Nutrs. • Long Food Chains Stable Temporally Nutrient Limited • Low Comm. Fish Yield

Coastal Areas • • Shallow Seasonal Inputs Seasonal Variability ~50% New Nutrients • Larger Phytoplankton • Shorter Food Chains • Benthic Food Chains • Gadoid fishes • High Comm. Fish Yield

Upwelling Areas • • Shallow Seasonal Inputs Seasonally Steady Mostly New Nutrients • Larger Phytoplankton • Short Food Chains • Clupeid fish • High Comm. Fish Yield

Total Global Fisheries Harvest ~160 Mt • • • Year 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 CAP 94. 5 91. 8 96 95. 5 93. 1 AQ 52 55. 2 60 63. 3 66. 7 • Capture Fisheries are constant at ~9095 Mt • Aquaculture is steadily increasing

Seafood – Nutritional Benefits • • • High quality protein High in omega-3 fatty acids Low in saturated fat Contributes to a healthy heart Contributes to proper growth and development of children • Source of vitamins and minerals 19

Proper Growth and Development of Children • Omega-3 s and pregnancy – During last trimester of pregnancy • Rapid synthesis of brain tissue • Omega-3 s and premature infants – Risk factor for preterm delivery and low birth weight • Omega-3 s and the newborn – DHA is influenced by the mother’s diet 20

What is the difference between OCEAN FISH and PILOT WHALE?

Ciguatera Fish Poisoning • Occurs in tropical and subtropical regions • Vector is primarily reef fish • Affects hundreds of thousands of people annually • Underreported; misdiagnosed

Ciguatera Sequence Environmental conditions Gambierdiscus Macroalgae Herbivorous Fish Carnivorous Fishing Pressure Fish Humans

Reported Ciguatera Incidents Hawaii – 1963 to 2005 N = 676

r’s & K’s • Characteristics • Organisms

II. Major Fisheries - by Fish THE FIRST TIER • Peruvian Anchovy • Alaskan Pollock • Skipjack Tuna • Capelin

IV. Major Fisheries - by Ocean Atlantic 25. 6% Pacific 62. 6% Indian 10% Other 1. 7

Lessons From Historical Fisheries • • Canadian Atlantic Cod Hawaiian Lobster Alaskan Pollack Norwegian Spring-Spawning Herring Atlantic Bluefin Tuna Orange Roughy Northwestern Bigeye Tuna

U. S. Importation Context • 2010: ~80% Seafood Imported • Top 3: Shrimp, Salmon Tuna

Hawaii Importation • 60: 40 imported : domestic • Sources – China, Australia, Japan, Taiwan, Philippines, New Zealand – #1 fish consumed: Salmon – #1 fish consumed (w/ rec. fish’g): YF Tuna

Mislabeling/Substitution • Recent Study: 48% e/c of U. S. mainland – 134 restaurants & retail outlets • Reasons: long supply chains, species indistinguishable visually • Causes: Fraud, ignorance, lack of regulations • Victims: consumers, U. S. fishermen • DNA application for identification

Unraveling a Fish Myth

Unraveling a Fish Myth • Pervasive rhetoric: …aquaculture takes 2 -5 lbs of wild fish to produce 1 lb of farmed fish. If you do the math, this isn’t sustainable. ” • Back to basic biology

Unraveling a Fish Myth • TE in Aquaculture [Avg. 40 -60%] • WHY? – Nutritional profile of pelleted feeds – Little energy expended hunting for food – Bite-sized pellets size means little waste – Also, no by-catch waste – AQ feeds now 10 -25% fish meal

Fishing at 15% of MSY Fishing at 75% of MSY Fishing at 100% of MSY

The Canadian Cod Example: Fished to Commercial Extinction Before Establishment of a Moratorium: No Recovery of the Stock, No Recovery of the Fishery

During the 1980 s cod catches remained steady but that was because larger, more powerful and sophisticated vessels were chasing the few remaining fish.

During the 1980 s cod catches remained steady but that was because larger, more powerful and sophisticated vessels were chasing the few remaining fish. Working harder and harder, to catch the few remaining cod.

"In normal years we'd get 200, 000 pounds of cod, but that year it was more like 70, 000 pounds. Then all of a sudden they just crashed. " Fisheries scientists concluded that quotas had to be more than halved in order to prevent this stock's collapse. Politicians were appalled; the proposed quotas would have caused economic chaos throughout Eastern Canada. So the politicians compromised what could not be compromised. Quotas were cut by only 10 percent. Fishermen tried as hard as they could, but could only catch 122, 000 of the 190, 000 -ton cod quota for 1991. The estimated combined weight of the adult cod population was a mere 1. 1 percent of its historic levels of the early 1960 s.

ECONOMICS Law of Diminishing Returns

Reasons to Fish Below the MSY I. Inaccurate Information A. I Fish Therefore I Lie (Schaefer Model) B. Not Enough Biological Data (Beverton-Holt Model) II. Variable Recruitment III. Resource Mismatch IV. Presence of Competitors V. Stock Stability VI. Economics (Law of Diminishing Returns) I. T

Up to 20 cm in length

Peruvian Anchoveta Fishery I. The Physical Setting II. The Upwelling Ecosystem III. Anchoveta Ecology IV. History of the Anchoveta Fishery

Mortality

Effects of El Niño on Anchoveta Catch

Bluefin tuna

Table 7. 2. Pertinent information on commercially important tuna species Species Length (cm) Weight (kg) Age of sexual maturity (years) Lifespan (years) Albacore 60 -90 10 -20 5 10 Bigeye 80 -180 15 -20 4 10 Skipjack 30 -80 8 -10 2 12 Yellowfin 40 -180 5 -20 3 10 Atlantic bluefin 45 -450 135 -680 4 -8 15 -30 Pacific bluefin 150 -300 300 -555 6 30 200 8 -12 40 Southern bluefin

The industry killed roughly 4, 000 -6, 000 humpback whales per year between 1935 and 1965, with a hiatus during World War II. The killing finally stopped in 1966 when the IWC agreed to a moratorium on humpback whaling. At that time, the humpback population numbered about 20, 000. The virgin stock of humpbacks is estimated to have been about 115, 000 whales. Humpback whales are recovering from the effects of whaling more strongly than any other of the great whale species. Currently the stock numbers about 35, 000 whales, 11, 600 in the North Atlantic, 7, 000 in the North Pacific, and at least 17, 000 in the Southern Ocean. Table 10. 5. Some characteristics of Humpback Whales. Age of sexual maturity (years) Lifespan (years) 4 -7 80 -90

Products from Marine Biodiscovery • Pharmaceuticals • Fluorescent Proteins • Thermostable Enzymes • Laundry Detergent

A B C D E Grey Whale Carcass, 6 weeks on the bottom, 1675 metres Mobile Scavenger Stage

Oil From Algae Why Do We Want (Need!) To Do This? • Ecological Necessity • Economic Necessity • Intellectual Challenge

Marine Algae Compelling Advantages • • Algae Consume CO 2, a Major Greenhouse Gas Do Not Use Fresh Water Do Not Require Arable Land Grow Very Rapidly Represent a “New” Source of Fuel* Represent a New Source of Animal Food *Historical Footnote - Most of Our “Old” Fuels Fossil Fuels) Were Produced by: MARINE ALGAE! Bigelow Laboratory Phytopia (i. e. ,

Reported yields for biomass crops Biomass (Mt/ha/yr) Oil-content (% dry mass) Biodiesel (Mt/ha/yr) Bio-diesel (bbl/ha/yr) 1 -2. 5 20% 0. 2 -0. 5 1. 4 -3. 5 3 40% 1. 2 8. 2 19 20% 3. 7 26. 4 7. 5 -10 30 -50% 2. 2 -5. 3 16 -38 140 -255 35 -65% 86. 6 350 -700 Soya Rapeseed Palmoil Jatropha Microalgae Note: 1 Mt bio-diesel equals 1, 136 litres

Law of the Sea • 1493 to 1958 Inter catera Treaty of Tordesillas Truman Proclamations Latin American Claims 2. 1958 to present 3. Cod Wars Latin American Declarations UNCLOSs 3. Consequences

Montevideo, Lima, and Santo Domingo Declarations (1970 -1972) Latin American Nations Come to a Regional Consensus on 12 -Mile Territorial Seas and 200 -Mile “Patrimonial” Seas

3 rd Cod War, 1975 • Iceland extends its exclusion zone to 200 miles

Important agreements reached at UNCLOS III • Every State has the right to establish the breadth of its territorial sea up to a limit not exceeding 12 nautical miles. • Contiguous zone up to 24 nautical miles from the shoreline for purposes of enforcement of customs, fiscal, immigration, or sanitary laws. • Exclusive economic zone up to 200 nautical miles from the shoreline for purposes of exploring and exploiting, conserving and managing the natural resources, whether living or non-living, of the waters superjacent to the sea-bed and of the sea-bed and its subsoil. • The resources of the seabed and ocean floor and subsoil thereof beyond the limits of national jurisdiction are the common heritage of mankind. • An International Seabed Authority will organize, carry out, and control activities associated with the exploitation of the resources of the international seabed. • A parallel system will be established for exploring and exploiting the international seabed, one involving private and state ventures and the other involving the Authority. • A so-called Enterprise will carry out activities in the international seabed for the Authority and will be responsible for transporting, processing, and marketing minerals recovered from the international seabed.

Consequences 1. 12 -Mile Territorial Sea 2. 200 -Mile Exclusive Economic Zone 3. Rights of Innocent Passage