2009 Prentice-Hall Inc 1 Technology in

© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1

Technology in Action Technology in Focus: The History of the PC © 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 2

Altair 8800 • • • The first microcomputer Sold as a kit Switches for input Lights for output Gates and Allen create a compiler for Basic • 4, 000 orders for the machine © 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 3

Apple I and Apple II • Apple I built by Steve Wozniak in 1976 • Apple II developed by Steve Jobs in 1977 • Uses Motorola processor • First fully contained microcomputer • Highly successful © 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 4

Early Competitors • Commodore PET 2001 • Radio Shack’s TRS-80 • The Osborne © 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 5

IBM PC • IBM enters small computer market in 1981 • Uses open architecture • Purchases operating system from Microsoft © 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 6

Beginners All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code (BASIC) • Revolutionized software industry • Easily learned by beginners • Key PC language • Used by Gates and Allen to write the program for Altair • Led to the creation of Microsoft © 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 7

Advent of Operating Systems • Steve Wozniak invents floppy drive • Disk Operating System (DOS): Operating system that controlled the first Apples • Control Program for Microcomputers (CP/M): First operating system for Intelbased PCs © 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8

Advent of Operating Systems • MS-DOS – Operating system for IBM PCs – Based on an operating system called Quick and Dirty Operating System (QDOS) – Created by Bill Gates and Paul Allen – All PCs using the Intel chip used MS-DOS © 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 9

Software Application Explosion • Electronic Spreadsheets – Visi. Calc – Lotus 1 -2 -3 – Microsoft Excel Bricklin and Frankston • Word Processing – Word. Star – Word for MS-DOS – Word. Perfect © 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Visi. Calc screenshot 10

Graphical User Interface • Xerox Alto – Palo Alto Research Center – Alto: 1972 • Apple – Lisa: 1983 – Macintosh: 1984 © 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 11

The Internet Boom • • • Mosaic: 1993 Netscape: 1994 Internet Explorer: 1995 © 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 12

Early Computer History • Pascalene 1624 – The first accurate mechanical calculator – Created by Blaise Pascal – Used to add, subtract, multiply, and divide • Jacquard Loom 1820 – Created by Joseph Jacquard – A machine that automated the weaving of complex patterns – Used holes punched in cards to automate the process © 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 13

Early Computer History • Analytical Engine 1834 – Created by Charles Babbage • The father of computing – The first automatic calculator – Includes components similar to those found in today's computers • Hollerith Tabulating Machine 1890 – Created by Herman Hollerith – Used punch cards to tabulate census data – Hollerith started the Tabulating Machine Company, which later became IBM © 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 14

Early Computer History • Z 1 1936 – Created by Konrad Zuse – The Z 1 is a mechanical calculator – It included a control unit and memory functions • Atanasoff-Berry Computer 1939 – Created by John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry – The first electrically powered digital computer – Used vacuum tubes to store data – The first computer to use the binary system © 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Atansoff-Berry Computer 15

Early Computer History • Harvard Mark I 1944 – Created by Howard Aiken and Grace Hopper – A computer used by the U. S. Navy for ballistics calculations – Hopper’s contribution to computing was • Invention of the compiler • Coined the term “computer bug” • Turing Machine 1936 – Created by Alan Turing – Hypothetical model defined a mechanical procedure or algorithm – Concept of an infinite tape that could read, write, and erase was precursor to today’s RAM © 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 st use of “computer bug” 16

Early Computer History • ENIAC 1944 – Created by John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert – The first successful highspeed electronic digital computer • UNIVAC 1951 – The first commercially successful electronic digital computer – Used magnetic tape © 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc. ENIAC 17

Early Computer History • Transistors: 1945 – Invented at Bell Laboratories – Replaces vacuum tubes • Integrated circuits: 1958 – Invented by Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments – A small chip containing thousands of transistors – Enabled computers to become smaller and lighter © 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 18

Early Computer History • Microprocessor chip: 1971 – Created by Intel Corporation – A small chip containing millions of transistors – It functions as the central processing unit (CPU) © 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 19

Transistors and Beyond • First-generation computers (1946– 1958) – UNIVAC – Use vacuum tubes to store data • Second-generation computers (1959– 1964) – Use transistors to store data • Third-generation computers (1965– 1970) – Use integrated circuits • Fourth-generation computers (1971–today) – Use a microprocessor chip © 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 20