2008 -09 Dakota Cow/Calf Clinic February 4, 2009 Roxanne Johnson NDSU Extension Water Quality Associate Source: Roxanne Johnson
Objectives Cattle water needs Options for water sources Common water contaminants Rate of gain research done in Canada Wyoming Lit Review results Options for improving water quality
Livestock Needs Domestic animals 60 days without feed 7 days without water Source: Roxanne Johnson Limiting access to water depresses animal performance more quickly and drastically than any other nutrient deficiency
Livestock Water Consumption Intake Needs are Dependent on: Species and size of animal Physical condition Level of activity Dry matter intake Quality of water Temperature
Species and size of animal Temperature
Optimal temperature between 40 - 65° Energy-free livestock water fountain. (Photo courtesy of Ritchie Industries Inc. )
Water Consumption Dry matter intake
Water Consumption Physical condition Level of activity Source: Roxanne Johnson
Water Consumption Quality of water p. H Bacteria/algae Total dissolved solids Sulfates Nitrates Source: Roxanne Johnson
Most important!!! Livestock need free access to water….
Water Sources Wells Streams Rivers Rural water systems Hauling water from other sources Dug-outs
Quality of Water Arsenic Fluoride Sodium Sulfate Nitrogen Selenium Barium Molybdenum Chloride TDS p. H http: //ces. uwyo. edu/PUBS/B 1183. pdf
ELEMENTS SHORT EXPOSURE CHRONIC EXPOSURE RATIONALE ARSENIC 1 mg/L Does not seem to be a carcinogen in livestock, therefore a concentration which protects against cytotoxic effects should be sufficient. BARIUM NR NR Until there is better data we cannot make any firm recommendations. FLUORIDE 2 mg/L Prevent dental lesions in most sensitive life stage. Fully mature animals may be able to tolerate more. MOLYBDENUM 2 mg/L 0. 3 mg/L Prevent secondary Cu deficiency and poor performance. NITRATE 500 mg/L Prevent acute death and abortion in well-managed cattle. Dry diets high in NO 3 may require lower concentrations. NITRITE 100 mg/L Prevent acute death and abortion in well-managed cattle. Dry diets high in NO 3 may require lower concentrations. p. H NR NR There is considerable evidence that animals tolerate a much wider range than the commonly cited 6. 5 – 8. 5. SELENIUM 0. 1 mg/L 0. 1 mg/l Prevent selenosis in equidae. Can probably tolerate slightly high concentrations for very short periods. 1000 mg/L Assuming normal feedstuff Na concentration and no other water sources, these concentrations should protect against acute lethality or chronically, poor performance. Assuming normal feedstuff S concentration, acute death may occur in ruminants at concentrations greater than 2000, especially if not allowed time to acclimate. Long-term consumption result in poor performance. SODIUM 4000 mg/L SULFATE 1800 mg/L 1000 mg/L TDS NR NR We do not recommend relying upon TDS to evaluate water quality for
Common problems Source: Roxanne Johnson p. H Bacteria/algae Total dissolved solids Sulfates Nitrates
p. H < 7. 0 acidic >7. 0 basic or alkaline Not unusual to see 9. 0 – 9. 5 Cattle prefer 6. 5 to 8. 0 Influences taste
Bacteria Substance Desired range E coli/100 colonies/ 100 m. L < 126 colonies/ 100 m. L Fecal coliform/100 colonies/ 100 m. L < 200 colonies/ 100 m. L Source: North Dakota Dept of Health Fecal contamination • E coli an indicator of other pathogens • common when livestock have direct access to water • cattle will not refuse water until. 25% • source of illness
Bacteria Transported in Water and Mud • Leptospirosis • Reproduction problems • Extended life in surface water • Fusobacterium – “foot-rot” • Soil-borne organism • Carried on feet of animals • Transferred through cuts, bruises, or puncture wounds on damaged feet of other animals
Blue green algae Cyanobacteria…not an algae! warm, sunny weather stagnant water high in nutrients (esp. phosphates) appear as a film of green paint on water surface bacteria die, release toxins concentrating on pond edge • toxicity is unknown until livestock die • • •
Red algae Source: Roxanne Johnson Source: Kasia Kinzer Source: Roxanne Johnson Gomphosphaeria aponina
Total Dissolved Solids TDS A measurement of all constituents dissolved in water Inorganic anions Carbonchlorides Sulfates Nitrates Organic cations Sodium Potassium Calcium Magnesium
TDS level Usefulness for cattle < 1500 ppm Usually satisfactory for most livestock 1, 500 – 3, 000 ppm Good 3, 000 -4, 000 ppm Fair 4, 000 – 5, 000 ppm Useable 5, 000 – 7, 000 ppm Diarrhea in lactating cows > 7, 000 ppm Unsatisfactory. May cause brain damage or death. Source: Saskatchewan Agriculture and Food
Safe levels of potentially toxic nutrients and contaminants in water for livestock. Element ppm Arsenic 5. 0 Copper 0. 5 Fluorine 2. 0 Nitrate-N 100. 0 Nitrite-N 10. 0 Selenium 0. 05 Sulfate 1, 000. 0 Zinc 25. 0 Source: NDSU Extension
Water Quality Report SULFATES 1, 756 ppm TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS 2, 980 ppm • Within maximum tolerant level for TDS but over sulfate level • Does not include sulfate from DDG’s or or other high sulfate feed
Sulfate Toxicity • PEM – polioencephelomalacia “brainers” • High iron and sulfate levels may bind and prevent the absorption of copper and zinc
Nitrates Nitrate level (NO 3) Reaction 0 – 440 ppm Considered safe 440 – 1300 ppm Exercise caution. Consider additive effect with nitrates in feed. 5, 000 – 10, 000 ppm Decline in condition and health Source: NDSU Extension • Carried to ponds with runoff from heavily fertilized or manured fields • Shallow wells • Include feedstuffs in total allowance
Canadian Studies Walter Willms Evaluated the significance of improving water quality for animal consumption using inexpensive treatments…. • Aeration • Coagulation • Direct access • Well (with high sulfates)
Willms study 1999 -2003 Animals reacted to impurities decreasing water intake decreased feed intake decreased animal performance reduced rate of gain decline of general health
Research Results Source: Roxanne Johnson • 9% greater weight gain in calves with cows drinking water from trough vs. dugout • 16 -19% increase in weight for steers in same study
Animal Weight Gain: Dugout Versus Trough Water (per day) Gains in pounds Source: Willms, W. D. , 1996. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada and Alberta Agriculture, Stavely, Alberta.
Research Results Yearling heifers gained 23% more weight with clean/fresh water Source: Roxanne Johnson
Research Results Treating pond water by aeration or coagulation increased average daily gain by steers 8. 2% and 9. 3% respectively Source: Roxanne Johnson When cattle are fenced out of pond water and the water is pumped to a tank, the performance equaled cattle fed well water.
Improvements to increase cattle performance Limit access to dugout • Fence dugout area • Access ramp • Pump water out of dugout to trough
Access ramp • Minimum improvement • Large herds in remote locations • Provide better footing
• Start 10 -15 feet back from water’s edge • Low slope of 5 -6 ft for each foot of drop • Gravel layer 1 ft thick
Pump water to a trough • Eliminates cattle introducing contaminates • Aeration of the water improves palatability • Extends life of dugout • Decreased erosion and sedimentation • Increased vegetation of riparian area • Decreased degradation by cattle
Pump water from dugout to a trough Gravity-fed system
Pump water from dugout to a trough Pumped gravity flow reservoirs Automated gas powered generator system Source: Roxanne Johnson Pump Systems Dickinson, ND
Pump water to a trough Sundog Wind powered pumping system Source: Roxanne Johnson
Pump water from dugout to a trough Solar powered pumping system Solar West
Pump water from dugout to a trough Solar powered pumping system Sundog
Increased catchment Plant trees and vegetation to catch snow and filter runoff
Increased catchment Capture up to 60% of annual precipitation Trees and snow fence to collect snow
Other Pipelines Using: Wind Electricity Solar Gravity Cost share EQIP
Considerations What are your options? • Number of livestock • Expected peak water consumption/animal unit • Water pumping or drinking time required/day • Pump and well capacity • Distance to farthest watering point • Vertical lift from the pressure tank to the watering point • Friction loss in the pipeline • Float valve pressure requirements • Future expansion Rotational Grazing? Water in every pasture? How to get the water there?
Assess pitfalls: 1. Expansion capacity. 2. Surface laid pipe heats up and weakens pipe. Use higher pressure rated pipe. More expensive. 3. Friction loss charts assume new pipe. 4. Air bubbles in high spots restrict flow unless flushed out or released. 5. Use valves that produce minimum back pressure to maintain water flow. 6. Multiple users of water reduces flow. 7. Pumping well at higher rate than it can handle. 8. Make sure your pipe has the appropriate inside diameter.
Rural Water SW Water Authority, Dickinson $1, 500 sign up (depends on line size) plus construction Contracts require 100, 000 gal use/yr Rates - $2. 49/1, 000 gal 5 year agreement Can tie into man holes with a meter (located ⅛ to ½ mile apart)
How do I know? Test your water every year Certified labs … www. ag. ndsu. nodak. edu/abeng/waterquality. htm
“Sometimes the cow just didn’t read the book” Source: Roxanne Johnson Dr. Art Case Dean of Veterinary Toxicology University of Wyoming
Resources Sundog (formerly Kelln Solar) Carl Driedger (Cromer, MB) 202 -556 -2346 John Gaschler (Oxbow, SK) 306 -483 -5250 Solar West Jim Hopfauf, 3360 58 th Street, Flasher, ND 58535 701 - 597 -3546 www. solarwest. ca Pump Systems, LLC Keith Gartner, Dickinson, ND SW Water Authority, Dickinson, ND Rachelle Weiler 701 -225 -0241
Questions? Source: Roxanne Johnson
More information on Canadian Study
Willms study 1999 -2002 74 acrested wheatgrass and alfalfa 222 acres fall rye and russian wild rye Source: Willms, W. D. , 1996. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada and Alberta Agriculture, Stavely, Alberta.
Willms study 1999 -2002 Lined Coagulation Cell Dugout Unlined Coagulation Cell Corral Direct Entry Untreated Aerated Pump House Water Trough Source: Willms, W. D. , 1996. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada and Alberta Agriculture, Stavely, Alberta.
Divided dugout Source: Willms, W. D. , 1996. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada and Alberta Agriculture, Stavely, Alberta.
Willms study 2003 plan Well water Crested wheatgrass /alfalfa Russian wild rye Source: Willms, W. D. , 1996. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada and Alberta Agriculture, Stavely, Alberta.
Trials • 11 yearling steers in each study (44 total) • 11 more added in 2003 for the well treatment • 40 1 st calf heifers w/ calves 2000 -2002
Скачать презентацию 2008 -09 Dakota Cow Calf Clinic February 4 2009
cdeb8cf319b38f2c312da2aa068ff290.ppt