2 nd Year Perception Lab Keith Langley Psychology

2 nd Year Perception Lab Keith Langley Psychology, UCL, UK.

What is Psychophysics? l The study of the relation: • between a physical stimulus causing the sensation and the sensation registered in the mind l To study how we perceive things: • know about the properties of the physical world, the properties of our sensory system and higher-level processing that interprets sensory signals

How To Begin Experiments l Question – Observation - Curiosity • How does the brain interpret X? • A small “circlular disc” in a photoshot appears • further away than a large “circular disc”: Why? What happens if?

Vision Experiments l Direct control over input l Test explicit models or ideas l Documentation of trends l Report “surprise” or new phenomenon • Stimulus – Response- Measurement - Data • Predictions consistent with data? • Contrast sensitivity versus age • Differences across individuals

Seeing and Believing l Vision is often biased: • Fast adaptation - changes in bottom-up • processes (After-effects) A priori assumptions about the 3 -D world may be combined with bottom-up information

Tips on Vision Experiments l Low Level Vision (motion, lightness, contrast) l High Level Vision (Reading, Face Perception) • Extensively studied • Many models & theories -> Good Understanding • Predictions easier to test • Less well studied (but improving) • Fewer models -> Some understanding • Current direction of intense research in Psychology

Additional Tips l Try to: • Keep viewing distances fixed • Always use the same • • • monitor (try to keep external variables fixed) Keep background conditions fixed (don’t run experiments in lab 1 and the cubicles) Maintain a constant measurement criterion & instruct all subjects similarly! Don’t play with monitor settings

Topics l l l Form Perception • • Grouping/ visual search Parallel versus serial processing Depth Perception: Shading • Moncular cues & a priori assumptions Visual illusions • • Geometric illusions Perceived distortions of visual space

Topics l l • • • Adaptation and after-effects Motion after-effect Tilt-illusion Underlying mechanisms Face Perception • • Hollow face Specialised mechanisms for faces?

Grouping and/or Pop-out

Scene Understanding & Viewing Duration Is there an animal in the picture?

Crowding & Reading r + drb

Crowding & Reading r + Vary Spaces Between ‘Crowded’ letters drb

Crowding & Reading x + dxb Posit a difference across correlated versus uncorrelated flankers

Crowding & Reading + xuncrowdedx

Simultaneous Contrast

Requires a Carefully Calibrated Monitor: Avoid

Shape & Depth Perception l “Monocular images” are insufficient to interpret the 3 -D world • A priori information • e. g. Light sources “shine from above”

Bumps I

Bumps II

Zollner Illusion Complicated: Not understood especially well (very high risk)

Mueller-Lyer Testable Explanation: Manageable

Explanation l “Angle in” configuration closer (rooftop) • Actual line lengths are equal • So “perception” re-scales length • Size Constancy

Example

Experiments l IF Mueller-Lyer effect can be explained by “Size Constancy Effect” THEN: • Illusion’s magnitude may depend upon the internal angle of the arrowhead? • Test idea by manipulating the angle of arrowhead • See http: //www. michaelbach. de/ot/sze_muelue/index. html

Complex Stimuli?

Motion After-effect Adapt Test

Model Response Speed - Adaptation 0 Speed + 0’

Possible Manipulations l l Duration of the adaptation period Speed of the adapting pattern Test across large number of subjects Differences in spatial oscillations (frequency) between adapt and test • Could also “flicker the test pattern” – dynamic motion after-effect

Face/Shape Perception – Fault Tolerance l Stereopsis versus shape & shading • Hollow face • Specialized face processing areas • Bias that “faces” are convex surfaces • Near: Stereo dominates: Face appears hollow • Far: Monocular cues dominate: Face appears “normal” • Create your own 3 -D shapes using Papier Mashe

Thatcher Illusion

Degrees of Resolution I Hybrid Images Combinations of Low versus High Resolution Images (Advertising Applications)

Degrees of Resolution II

Block Quantization Are low resolution images processed faster than high resolution images? Coarse to fine strategy?

Plan l Week 1: • Find question and decide how the question will be measured (stimulus –response) • What you will vary • How you will measure the effect of interest l l l Week 2: • Pilot & refine experiments. Begin to collect data • Finish data collection & analyze results • For 2 nd year lab. report. Week 3: Week 4: Report results

Stimuli Presentation l l l Draw stimuli on card Powerpoint Computer Control (some software available)

Measurement l l l Stop-watch Ruler Automatic recording: • Powerpoint (Slide timing, figure length etc) • Software (some code written: new!)

Experimental Methods l l l “Time intervals” and/or “lengths” should report means and standard errors Method of Adjustment • • Acceptable for 2 nd year labs (quick) Direct reporting method Method of Constant Stimuli • • • Preferred technique (slow) Subject addresses a specific experimental question Requires more sophisticated data analysis (week 3)

Aim To l l l l Use a good measure of performance - think carefully about what you’re measuring Use a standard experimental approach - best to use tried and tested methods Do a pilot experiment on your own group -iron out any problems in the procedure Address a question with an established literature - put your experiment in context

Avoid l l l l Making designs too complicated - think about final stats/ graphs needed - think about equipment/software needed Spending too much time programming - is a computer necessary? - is there a way of simplifying (eg powerpoint) - who can you ask for help with programming? - use the expertise of your demonstrator Working with small effects - try effects out on yourselves - read established literature Don’t test the ‘Null Hypothesis’ - ASK A CLEAR SCIENTIFIC QUESTION!

Useful Web Sites l l l http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Visual_illusions http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Visual_search http: //www. michaelbach. de/ot/ http: //www. lifesci. sussex. ac. uk/home/George_Mather/Motion/ http: //www. richardgregory. org/experiments/index. htm