2 10 2018 Lecture 5 Man and Materials Flows 1

2/10/2018 Lecture 5. Man and Materials Flows 1

Man and Materials Flows Lecture 3_1 Towards sustainable materials management 2/10/2018 Lecture 5. Man and Materials Flows 2

2/10/2018 Lecture 5. Man and Materials Flows 3

2/10/2018 Lecture 5. Man and Materials Flows 4

Man and Materials Flows 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 2/10/2018 Man and Materials Flows Nature’s turnover of materials Human-caused material flows Towards sustainable materials management The unbalanced carbon cycle – a global problem Nutrients flows and environmental threats The valuable metals Lecture 5. Man and Materials Flows 5

Literature 1. Man and Materials Flows. Towards sustainable materials management. S. Karlsson (Ed. ) – Uppsala: BUP, 1997. – 52 p. 2. Вайцзеккер Э. , Ловинс Э. Б. , Ловинс Л. Х. Фактор четыре. Затрат — половина, отдача — двойная. – Москва: Academia, 2000. – 400 c. (Faktor Vier: Doppelter Wohlstand — Halbierter Naturverbrauch, 1995) 2/10/2018 Lecture 5. Man and Materials Flows 6

1. 1 A question of what and how much • For his survival and pleasure man is using all kinds of material from the surrounding world: – For food; – For shelter; – For transportation – Other needs and demands in everyday life. 2/10/2018 Lecture 5. Man and Materials Flows 7

Turnover of materials caused by man • In “nature state” society and today – Quantitative and qualitative difference; – materials turnover amounts to 60 tones per year and per capita (German society) 2/10/2018 Lecture 5. Man and Materials Flows 8

How long it can continue? ? ? ! Is it sustainable? • Factor of four • Factor of ten • Lovins H. , A. Lovins, E. Weizsäcker. Factor Four: Doubling Wealth, Halving Resource Use - A Report to the Club of Rome, 1998. 2/10/2018 Lecture 5. Man and Materials Flows 9

1. 2 Disturbances of the natural material cycles 2/10/2018 Lecture 5. Man and Materials Flows 10

Biogeochemical (natural) cycles • the cycling of essential chemical elements of living matter between the living and nonliving parts of the environment. • Some examples of these elements are H 2 O, P, S, N 2, O 2 and C. Gas cycles: • Carbon • Nitrogen • Oxygen 2/10/2018 Sedimentary cycles : • Phosphorus • Sulfur Lecture 5. Man and Materials Flows 11

Biogeochemical cycle • is a pathway by which a chemical element moves through both – biotic (biosphere) and – abiotic (lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere) compartments of Earth. • A cycle is a series of change which comes back to the starting point and which can be repeated. [ Watercycle: http: //ga. water. usgs. gov/edu/watercycleprint. html Source: english wikipedia, original upload 27 April 2005 by Brian 0918 2/10/2018 Lecture 5. Man and Materials Flows 12

Biogeochemical cycles Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Web. 13 Feb. 2012.

Some Human Disturbances of the natural flows and ecosystems Human disturbance relative to natural levels Carbon Nitrogen +30% in the atmospheric stock From lithosphere to ecosphere +200 -300% in the nitrogen From inert to active; From fixation lithosphere to ecosphere Sulphur +1, 000% in the flow of reduced S to the atmosphere Metals Up to 2, 400% in the flow from the lithosphere Terrestrial System character of the disturbance From lithosphere to ecosphere From lithosphere to technosphere (ecosphere) 40% increase of the net Ecosystems disruption, threat ecosystems primary production to biodiversity Persistent Very large increases and Materials Flows technosphere to 14 From 2/10/2018 Lecture 5. Man in the compounds flow to ecosphere

1. 3 The need for a system perspective • Four the most important trends: – From local to global (philosophy of dilution) – From specific to diffuse – From short delay to long delay – From low complexity to high complexity 2/10/2018 Lecture 5. Man and Materials Flows 15

1. 4 Matter is conserved • Thermodynamics deals with different forms of energy and matter and conversions between them; • The first low of thermodynamics (the low of mass conservation) – Different levels (forms) of matter 2/10/2018 Lecture 5. Man and Materials Flows 16

1. 5 Flows and transformation of materials • Flows of materials means transformation of materials between different forms, not movement; • Man is extracting natural materials in a raw form and transform them into more valuable forms; • There is a material flow between forms. 2/10/2018 Lecture 5. Man and Materials Flows 17

Types of flow • the flows of the conserved entities can be of two general kinds: – Linear – Circular 2/10/2018 Lecture 5. Man and Materials Flows 19

Two principal types of flow Linear flow Accumulation Depletion Circular flow 2/10/2018 Lecture 5. Man and Materials Flows 20

Roots of resources and environmental problems • Many resources and environmental problems have their roots in this fundamental aspect of conservation of matter, for instance use of fossil fuels: – Exhaustion scarce resources of energy-rich compounds containing reduced carbon; – Accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere; – This ultimately changes the radiation balance and climate on the Earth. 2/10/2018 Lecture 5. Man and Materials Flows 21

By-flows (побічні потоки) • Transferred into processes (like sulfur, nitrogen , heavy metals in fossils) • Material, which are not incorporated in the final products but are still coupled to it (water, cleaning agents, lubricants – мастила). Often they are lost in the waste stream; • Flows of overburden and useless common rock, they are much larger then the extracted valuable material; • Building of roads and other infrastructure; • Flows which are not involved into any flow (leakage, losses) • Transportation of people, materials, and information transportation. 2/10/2018 Lecture 5. Man and Materials Flows 22

Summary • The human-caused materials flows are much larger then natural; • Man is heavily disturbing the natural cycles of the elements and the basic prerequisites of the natural ecosystems; • The character of the environmental problem is changing. They penetrate in a complex way deep into the metabolism of the industrial society; • the necessary adaptation is needed but its realization and understanding what a sustainable society look like are unknown. 2/10/2018 Lecture 5. Man and Materials Flows 23

3. Human-caused material flows 2/10/2018 Lecture 5. Man and Materials Flows 24

3. 1. MIPS: a materials intensity concept Materials input per service unit Wuppertal Institute of Climate, Environment and Energy, Germany 2/10/2018 Lecture 5. Man and Materials Flows 25

Main ideas • Industrialized society is an enormous mobilizer of materials; • Size and characteristics of these anthropogenic flows are the matter of the discussion; • MIPS concept was developed to catch and describe the overall materials mobilization. 2/10/2018 Lecture 5. Man and Materials Flows 26

Big idea to remember: the law of mass conservation • Due to Einstein formula: E=mc 2 • (If we disregards nuclear reactions and radioactive decay) The number of atoms/ions of a certain nuclide is conserved as well as a total number of electrons; • (In a system in which there also no chemical reactions) The number of various molecules is conserved. • Hence chemical substances which are constantly emitted to the environment will remain and accumulate somewhere unless it is broken down or changed in chemical reactions. 2/10/2018 Lecture 5. Man and Materials Flows 27

Materials intensity is a measure of the amount of materials used to provide a certain amount of service. Two kind of flows: • Extracted from nature and • Fed into society. 2/10/2018 Lecture 5. Man and Materials Flows 28

MIPS: five input categories of materials flow 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Water; Air; Abiotic raw materials; Biotic raw materials; Soil movements (in agriculture and forestry). All the materials flows are measured by their weight. 2/10/2018 Lecture 5. Man and Materials Flows 29

MIPS: Water • • • Water used in chemical processes; Water in hydro power stations; Water used for cooling; Water used in irrigation; Water drained or drawn off ; Water drawn from natural water courses. 2/10/2018 Lecture 5. Man and Materials Flows 30

MIPS: Air • Air used in combustion; • Air used as a raw material in chemical or physical processes. 2/10/2018 Lecture 5. Man and Materials Flows 31

MIPS: Abiotic raw materials • All fossil fuels; • Mineral raw materials (sand, gravel, clays, metal ores etc); • Overburden and other materials translocated to reach valuable materials (must be moved in later conversion processes); • Excavated and dragged materials used for leveling and putting in order the infrastructure (rock, soil, spoil – відвали шахт). 2/10/2018 Lecture 5. Man and Materials Flows 32

MIPS: Biotic raw materials Biomass both from • human-maintained ecosystems; • and natural ecosystems. 2/10/2018 Lecture 5. Man and Materials Flows 33

MIPS: Soil movements (in agriculture and forestry) • The working on soils in agriculture; • The erosion of soils due to human activity. 2/10/2018 Lecture 5. Man and Materials Flows 34

MIPS: five input categories (measured by their weight) • • • Water; Air; Abiotic raw materials; Biotic raw materials; Soil movements (in agriculture and forestry). 1. What do the overall material flows look like? 2. Which flows dominate? 3. What are the characteristics of societal metabolism? 2/10/2018 Lecture 5. Man and Materials Flows 35

3. 2. Mobilization of materials. Germany, Input, 1991 (Bringezu, 1995) Total, Tones 1. Water 2. Air 3. Abiotic raw materials 4. Biotic raw materials 5. Soil (erosion) Import Total with water Total without water 2/10/2018 Kg per capita and day 69 290 781 2373 27 3993 82 129 137 2. 8 4. 4 433 74 708 5 418 15 2 558 186 Lecture 5. Man and Materials Flows 36

3. 2. The German Example. Output, 1991. (Bringezu et al, 1995) Total, Tones Kg per capita and day 69 290 2373 34 1. 2 3. Emissions to air 4. Waste disposal 5. Soil (erosion) 6. Exports 2 919 2 891 166 211 100 99 5. 7 7. 2 Total with water Total without water 74 350 5 060 2 546 173 1. Water 2. Emissions to water 2/10/2018 Lecture 5. Man and Materials Flows 37

3. 3. The Ecological Rucksack, (Schmidt-Bleek, 1994) flows of materials that are not included at all in products but are necessary part of extraction or are more or less unavoidable by-flows. 2/10/2018 Lecture 5. Man and Materials Flows 38

3. 3. The Ecological Rucksack, (Schmidt-Bleek, 1994) Example of German economy: Annual domestic extraction of abiotic materials is about 4, 000 Mtones (50 tones per capita). About one-third is non-saleable materials (like overburden – пуста порода). 2/10/2018 Lecture 5. Man and Materials Flows 39

3. 4. Global anthropogenic flows Without rucksack Global extraction from lithosphere Extraction per capita 20, 000 Mtones /year With rucksack 60, 000 Mtones /year 4 tones 12 tones 40, 000 Mtons is ecological rucksack per year 50 % - due to energy conversion 2/10/2018 Lecture 5. Man and Materials Flows 40

Global anthropogenic extraction of lithospheric materials 2/10/2018 Lecture 5. Man and Materials Flows 41

Extraction of mineral raw materials is dominating by: • Building materials (sand, gravel); • Energy minerals (fossil fuels): – Coal – open cast mining. 2/10/2018 Lecture 5. Man and Materials Flows 42

Extraction of mineral raw materials Metals • Iron: use volume is too high - 700 Mtones per year; • copper is used in relatively small amounts (10 Mtones), but its grade on ore is too low; • Aluminum (20 Mtones). 2/10/2018 Lecture 5. Man and Materials Flows 43

Extraction of mineral raw materials Nonmetallic minerals • Phosphorus; • Concrete production. Their rucksack consists mainly of large dumps (руда) and translocated materials. 2/10/2018 Lecture 5. Man and Materials Flows 44

Global extraction of biomass 9, 000 Mtones per year (like fossil fuels) • Food / animal feed (5, 000 Mtones); • Materials (2, 000 Mtones); • energy (2, 000 Mtones). 2/10/2018 Lecture 5. Man and Materials Flows 45

Harvest of the sea • 0, 1 Mtones per year Fish catches gives 25% of the human intake of animal protein. 2/10/2018 Lecture 5. Man and Materials Flows 46

3. 5. Intake of materials to technosphere Only a part of the totally mobilized materials flows is brought to society. How this intake of materials made up? 2/10/2018 Lecture 5. Man and Materials Flows 47

3. 6. Accumulation and outflow of materials from technosphere From material conservation law: Mobilized material brought into technosphere can either • Accumulate in the built technosphere (period -? ) or • Contribute to the outflow of materials from the technosphere. 2/10/2018 Lecture 5. Man and Materials Flows 49

Different groups of outputs induce • • Different period of decomposition; Different way of accumulation; Diverse handling and dealing Various impacts. 2/10/2018 Lecture 5. Man and Materials Flows 50

Material flows in the Swedish technosphere (1991) • 2 Mtons recycled; • > 20 Mtons - Production residuals (solid waste generated in industry); • 10 Mtons of solid waste managed by municipality. 2/10/2018 Lecture 5. Man and Materials Flows 52

Materials accumulation in Germany 1991 (Bringezu et al, 1995) • Total turnover of 5, 400 Mtons (without water); • Material accumulation is around 1, 000 Mtons; • Three-quarters of the through flow is dissipated. 2/10/2018 Lecture 5. Man and Materials Flows 53

3. Human-caused material flows 2/10/2018 Lecture 5. Man and Materials Flows 54

Planetary boundaries 2/10/2018 Lecture 5. Man and Materials Flows 55