2 03 O Kitchen Math and Measuring

2. 03 O Kitchen Math and Measuring = = 1 Sara Jane Strecker, FACS Educator © 2002 Learning Zone Express

Introduction ü Most cooks use recipes. A recipe is a list of ingredients that gives you directions for preparing a specific food. If you know how to follow recipes, then you will be successful in the kitchen. Who knows! You may become a famous chef! 2 © 2002 Learning Zone Express

Introduction ü Successful cooks know: • How to read a recipe • Abbreviations • Measuring Techniques • Equivalents • How to Change a Recipe 3 © 2002 Learning Zone Express

What’s in a recipe? ü A formula! ü Read the recipe before you cook. The parts of the recipe tell you: • Name • Ingredients • Equipment • Directions • Yield (number of servings) • Sometimes - Nutritional Analysis 4 © 2002 Learning Zone Express

Parts of a Recipe Name What the recipe is called. ü A recipe usually includes: Quesadillas Yield (Serves 4 - 2 person) Number of servings the recipe makes. Equipment 8 flour tortillas Ingredients 1 cup grated cheese 1. Heat a frying pan over medium heat. 1. Place a tortilla in the pan. Food products you need to make the recipe. 2. Sprinkle 1/4 cup cheese on the tortilla. 3. Cover the cheese with another tortilla. Directions Steps you follow to make the recipe. 5 4. Cook about 1 minute, until brown and crisp. Then turn the quesadilla over. Cook until the cheese melts. 5. Place on a serving plate. Cut into pie shaped wedges. 6. Repeat process with remaining ingredients. © 2002 Learning Zone Express

What’s an Abbreviation? ü Understanding the language of recipes takes the guesswork out of cooking. ü Abbreviation - The shortened form of a word. ü Abbreviations in measuring units: • Save space on the cookbook page. • Make recipes easier to read. 6 © 2002 Learning Zone Express

Name the Abbreviations ü The U. S. uses the English system: • Teaspoon • Tablespoon tsp. or t. Tbsp. or T. • Cup c. • Pint pt. • Quart qt. • Gallon gal. • Ounce/fluid ounce • Pound 7 © 2002 Learning Zone Express oz. / fl. oz. lb.

Name the Abbreviations ü Most other countries use the Metric system: • Milliliter • Liter L • Grams g • Kilogram 8 ml kg © 2002 Learning Zone Express

Name the Abbreviations ü More abbreviations: • • 9 Dozen Pound Inch Second Minute Hour Degree Fahrenheit/Celsius © 2002 Learning Zone Express doz. lb. in. sec. min. hr. F. / C

Abbreviations Pop Quiz ü What do these stand for? • lb. • L • tsp. or t. • F. • qt. • fl. oz. 10 © 2002 Learning Zone Express

Name That Utensil ü Serving spoons & cups vary in size. Only use these standard measuring utensils… Can you name them? 11 © 2002 Learning Zone Express

The Right Measuring Utensil ü What are two ingredients that you’d measure with when using: • measuring spoons? • dry/solid measuring cups? • a liquid measuring cup? ü Which measuring utensil would you use to measure each of these ingredients? • • 12 1 1/3 cups flour 1 1/2 teaspoons baking powder 1/2 cup milk 2 tablespoons cooking oil © 2002 Learning Zone Express

Measuring Liquid Ingredients ü Liquid ingredients can include: • Milk, water, oil, juice, vanilla extract, etc. ü To measure 1/4 cup or more of a liquid ingredient, use a clear, liquid measuring cup. • Place the cup on level surface and read measurements at eye level. ü For smaller amounts use measuring spoons. • Fill the spoon until a slight dome is visible. 13 © 2002 Learning Zone Express

Measuring Dry Ingredients ü Dry ingredients can include: • Flour, sugar, brown sugar, salt, and baking powder. ü To measure 1/4 cup or more of a dry ingredient use a measuring cup. • Measuring cups generally come in 1/4, 1/3, 1/2, and 1 cup sizes. ü To measure less than a 1/4 cup use a measuring spoon. 14 • Measuring spoons generally come in 1/4, 1/2, & 1 teaspoon & 1 tablespoon sizes. • To measure 1/8 tsp. measure 1/4 tsp. & then remove half. © 2002 Learning Zone Express

Measuring Dry Ingredients ü A standard set of dry/solid measuring cups is made of four cup sizes. ü What amount does each cup measure? 15 © 2002 Learning Zone Express

Measuring Dry Ingredients ü Measuring flour: • Do not pack the flour into the measuring cup or spoon because you will end up with more flour. Instead, scoop flour into the cup and level with a spatula or knife. ü Measuring brown sugar: • Pack the brown sugar tightly into the measuring cup or spoon. Once it is packed down, level it with a straight edge or knife. ü Measuring granulated sugar: • Fill the cup with sugar. Level with the back of a spatula or knife so that sugar is even with top of measuring cup or spoon. 16 © 2002 Learning Zone Express

Pass the Cup ü Dry/solid measure check-up: • Which of these amounts is greater? Write the amount. 1/2 cup 3/4 cup 1/4 cup or 1/3 cup 1/4 cup or 2 Tbsp. 1/2 cup or 1/4 cup or 3 tsp. 1 1/3 cup 17 or or 1 1/4 cup © 2002 Learning Zone Express

Measuring Solid Ingredients ü Sticks of butter and margarine have measurements marked on the wrapper. • One stick = 1/2 cup or 8 tablespoons ü Measure solid fats, such as shortening or peanut butter, in a dry measuring cup. • Pack it into the cup and level it with a spatula. Then use a plastic scraper to remove it from the cup. 18 © 2002 Learning Zone Express

Measuring Just With Spoons ü This chart shows some amounts that you’ll often see in recipes. And it shows how to measure those amounts with measuring spoons. 1 Tbsp. 3/4 tsp. 1/4 tsp. + 1/4 tsp. or 1/2 tsp. + 1/4 tsp. 1/8 tsp. half of 1/4 tsp. 1/8 cup 19 1 tsp. + 1 tsp. 1 Tbsp. + 1 Tbsp. © 2002 Learning Zone Express

Basic Equivalents ü Equivalents are amounts that are equal to each other. • They are useful when you must alter or change a recipe to serve more or less people than the recipe yields. ü Dry/Liquid equivalents: 20 • • Pinch or Dash 1 Tablespoon 1/4 cup 1/3 cup 1/2 cup 3/4 cup 1 cup © 2002 Learning Zone Express = = = = less than 1/8 teaspoon 3 teaspoons 4 Tablespoons 5 Tablespoons & 1 teaspoon 8 Tablespoons 12 Tablespoons 16 Tablespoons

Basic Equivalents ü To help you remember: 1 Tablespoon = 3 t e a spoons There are 3 letters in the word tea and 3 teaspoons in a tablespoon. 1/4 c. = 4 Tbsp. 21 © 2002 Learning Zone Express

Basic Equivalents ü 1 fluid ounce = 2 Tablespoons ü 8 ounces = 1 cup ü 16 ounces = 1 pound ü 1 pint = 2 cups ü 1 quart = 2 pints = 4 cups ü 1 gallon = 4 quarts = 8 pints = 16 cups 22 © 2002 Learning Zone Express

Basic Equivalents ü To help you remember: A formula 2 c. = 1 pt. 2 pt. = 1 qt. 4 qt. = 1 gal. 23 © 2002 Learning Zone Express

Equivalents at the Store ü At the store, many foods are sold by the pint or by the quart. Many recipes will ask you to measure those foods by the cup. ü Here is a helpful guide: • 1 cup 1/2 pint • 2 cups = 1 pint • 4 cups = 2 pints • 4 cups = 1 quart • 4 quarts 24 = = 1 gallon © 2002 Learning Zone Express

Equivalents at the Store ü Answer the following questions with one of these amounts: 1/2 pint 1 quart What size container will you buy if. . . 1. A recipe for salad calls for 2 cups of cottage cheese. ? 2. A recipe for a fruit dessert calls for 1 cup of whipping cream? 3. You need 4 cups of milk for a pudding? 4. You need 2 cups of sour cream to make a dip? 5. A recipe for fruit salad says to mix 8 ounces of yogurt with fruit? 25 © 2002 Learning Zone Express

Equivalents at the Store ü Now that you know how many cups make up 1/2 pint, 1 pint, and 1 quart, try to figure out how many ounces are in these amounts: • 1 cup ___ oz. • 1/2 pint = ___ oz. • 1 quart = ___ oz. • 1 gallon 26 = = ___ oz. © 2002 Learning Zone Express

Basic Equivalents Pop Quiz 1. 1 pint = ____ cups 2. 1 gallon = ____ quarts 3. 1 quart = ____ cups 4. 1 cup = ____ tablespoons 5. 1 tablespoon = 27 © 2002 Learning Zone Express ____ teaspoons

Putting Cups Together ü Useful amounts to know: • • • 2/3 cup 3/4 cup 1/8 cup 1 cup = = = 1/3 cup + 1/3 cup 1/2 cup + 1/4 cup half of 1/4 cup 1/2 cup + 1/2 cup 1/3 cup + 1/3 cup 1/4 cup + 1/4 cup ü How would you measure these amounts? • 1 1/4 cups • 2/3 cup • 3/4 cup 28 © 2002 Learning Zone Express

How Do You Measure Up? ü This recipe for Chocolate Chip Cookies yields 3 dozen. You need to make 6 dozen. Write down the measurements you would use to double this recipe. Use correct abbreviations. Chocolate Chip Cookies Yields 3 dozen. 2 1/4 cup flour 3/4 cup brown sugar 1 teaspoon baking soda 1 teaspoon vanilla extract 1/4 teaspoon salt 2 eggs 1 cup margarine 3/4 cup sugar 29 © 2002 Learning Zone Express 2 cup chocolate chips

How Do You Measure Up? ü Your Grandma’s recipe for Chocolate Cake makes a large cake so you want to make only half of a cake. Write down the new measurements you would need to make half this recipe. Use correct abbreviations. Chocolate Cake 2 cups sugar 1/2 cup butter 2 eggs 1 cup buttermilk 2 1/2 cups cake flour 30 © 2002 Learning Zone Express 2 teaspoons baking soda 2 chocolate squares 1/2 teaspoon salt 2/3 cup warm water 1 teaspoon vanilla extract

How Do You Measure Up? BONUS ü What is half of 2/3 cup? ü If a recipe calls for one egg and you want to cut the recipe in half, how might you half an egg? Answer: 1 large egg = 1/4 cup. Crack egg into bowl and mix with fork. Pour out approximately 1/2 or 2 tablespoons of egg. 31 © 2002 Learning Zone Express

You’re the Expert ü Jenny is throwing a surprise birthday party for her best friend Katie. She has decided to make Katie’s favorite dish, meat loaf. There will be a total of 40 people at the party. Answer the following questions: • The recipe says it serves 8 people. By what number should Jenny multiply each ingredient to make enough meat loaf for everyone? • The recipe calls for 1 1/2 lbs. of ground beef. How much ground beef will Jenny need to make enough meat loaf for everyone? • Jenny will be serving milk with the meal. She plans on using 8 oz. glasses. How many gallons of milk does she need to make sure everyone gets one glass of milk? 32 © 2002 Learning Zone Express