1950 -2007 Today Review 1960 s o

1950 -2007

Today Review 1960 s o Vietnam War Notes st part of 1960 -1964 o Watch 1 Video o 1970 -1990 s Notes o

Today Review yesterday’s notes o Watching 1970 -79 Video o 1980 s-90 s Notes ** Sr. meeting at 2: 00. All seniors will have homework to make up for the missed classwork today! o

Life After WWII • • • After WWII, conformity was the trend Suburbs spread William Levitt built affordable, “cookie-cutter” homes that led to a growing middle class (Levitt Towns) Fear of nuclear war spread during the Cold War (remember: the Cold War lasted until 1990) There was a “baby boom” (born between 1946 -1964)

Baby Boomer Generation • • • As young adults, the “baby boomers” rejected conformity… they wanted to be different As adults, “baby boomers” created a new political movement called the “New Left” (belief in radical social change) This social change led us to…. The 1960 s

Election of 1960 • • In the Presidential election of 1960, John F. Kennedy (Dem. ) ran against Richard Nixon (Rep. ) It was the first time a presidential debate was held on TV Kennedy appeared confident Nixon was sweaty and nervous

John F. Kennedy • • • First Catholic President Young, witty, elegant administration Surrounded himself with the “best and the brightest” “New Frontier” Peace Corp (volunteerism) Ask not what your country can do for youask what you can do for your country

Kennedy Administration 1. 2. 3. 4. The Bay of Pigs Cuban Missile Crisis Race to the Moon Kennedy Assassination

The Bay of Pigs • The Bay of Pigs: The US had secretly trained Cuban exiles to invade Cuba, to start an uprising against Castro. When they invaded, the Cubans and Soviets captured them. Huge embarrassment!

Fidel Castro, Communist Dictator of Cuba

Cuban Missile Crisis Photos revealed that the Soviets had sent missiles to Cuba and that the Cubans had them pointed toward America, ready to launch. Kennedy informed the American public, who anxiously waited for 6 days, expected a nuclear war. Khrushchev removed the missiles with the promise that we would not invade Cuba

Race to the Moon • NASA- explore outer space Yuri Gagari (Soviet), first human in space • Alan Shepard, first American in space

• First humans on the moon were American astronauts Neil Armstrong & Buzz Aldrin

Kennedy Assassination Kennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1963

Lyndon B. Johnson • • • Became President when Kennedy was assassinated Programs called “Great Society” Signed into law lots of Civil Rights legislation (Civil Rights Act of 1964; 24 th Amendment; Voting Rights Act of 1965) Head Start War on Medicaid Poverty Medicare

Civil Rights Movement 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Brown v. Board of Education Montgomery Bus Boycott Little Rock Nine March on Washington Militant Leadership

• Brown v. Board of Education overturned Plessy Ferguson v. (separate but equal) Separate schools are NOT equal! • Thurgood Marshall, first Af. Am Supreme Court Justice

• • Montgomery Bus Boycott- boycott of the segregated transportation system of Montgomery, Alabama Triggered by Rosa Parks

Little Rock Nine- Nine high school students from Little Rock, AK who tested integration at Central High School

March on Washington- Organized by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. who gave his famous “I Have a Dream” Speech” • Non-violent protests (sit-ins, boycotts, marches) • Civil Disobedience (refusal to obey a law as a means of protest- Henry David Thoreau)

Malcolm X- Militant Civil Rights leader who believed that equality should be achieved “by any means necessary” Black Panthers- Militant “Black Power” organization that advocated Black leadership in their own communities & the rebuilding of urban ghettos

"I think that there are plenty of good people in America, but there also plenty of bad people in America and the bad ones are the ones who seem to have all the power and be in a position to block things that you and I need. Because this is the situation, you and I have to preserve the right to do what is necessary to bring an end to this situation, and it doesn't mean that I advocate violence, but at the same time, I'm not against using violence in self-defense. I don't even call it violence when it's self-defense, I call it intelligence. “ ~Malcolm X

Other Social Movements 1. 2. 3. 4. Counterculture (Hippies) Women’s Rights Movement Brown Power Movement Red Power Movement

A counter culture arose in the 1960 s (wanted a break with the traditional values of their parents) ü ü Woodstock (1969) music and arts festival in New York Haight-Ashbury neighborhood of San Francisco was the center of “hippie” life and drug use

Women’s Movement • Leaders: ü ü Betty Friedan (wrote The Feminine Mystique) Gloria Steinam (founded Ms. Magazine)

Migrant Workers • • Goal: Support the rights of migrant farm workers, mostly who were poor Hispanic immigrants Leaders: ü Cesar Chavez (conducted hunger strikes & non-violent protests)

American Indian Movement • • Important Groups: AIM (American Indian Movement) Important Events: ü Trail of Broken Treaties (occupation of the Bureau of Indian Affairs in Washington, DC) ü Siege at Wounded Knee

Vietnam War 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Vietnam Divided by Communism Gulf of Tonkin Resolution Tet Offensive Mai Lai Massacre Effects of the War

French Indochina Nationalist leader Ho Chi Minh, lead a Communist independence movement against France

Divided Vietnam • • The Vietcong wanted to unite Vietnam under the leadership of Communist, Ho Chi Minh • North Vietnam. Communist (Vietminh) South Vietnam. Democratic elections, but corruption in the Ngo Dinh Diem regime

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution • President Lyndon Johnson & the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (took power away from Congress in declaring war)

• Napalm used to destroy the jungles

• • Tet Offensive- North Vietnam & Vietcong fierce attack against America Showed that the Vietcong would not give up!

• My Lai Massacre

• Kent State University Anti-War Demonstration. National Guard killed students

• Vietnam Veterans Memorial- “The Wall”, Washington, DC • Vietnam veterans were blamed for the war and treated badly when they returned

Government Distrust • • The Vietnam War created a great deal of distrust for the government This was intensified during the Watergate scandal

Richard M. Nixon • • • Johnson did not run for reelection in 1968 Nixon (Rep. ) was elected His presidency was clouded with scandal when Republicans broke into the Democratic National Headquarters (at the Watergate Hotel) and stole materials

Watergate • • Richard Nixon resigned rather than face impeachment Washington Post reporters Bernstein & Woodward used the anonymous source “Deep Throat” to reveal White House abuses & the Watergate Scandal broke

Gerald Ford • • • Appointed President after Nixon resigned He pardoned Nixon because he wanted the nation to heal and move on! First person to be president who was not elected!

Big Events of the ’ 80 s & ’ 90 s

• • Apartheid ends in South Africa in 1989 -90 Nelson Mandela becomes the 1 st Black President of South Africa

• • PLO (Palestinian Liberation Organization)- Palestinian Yassir Arafat, (Arab) army that opposed leader of PLO Israel During the Cold War, the Soviets backed the Arabs because the U. S. supported Israel U. S. depended on oil in the Middle East so peace was necessary Carter tried to bring peace to the region in the Camp David Accords Egyptian Pres. Anwar al-Sadat, Jimmy Carter, & Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin at Camp David

Iran Ayatollah Khomeni, took power from the Shah of Iran • • Iran hostage crisis. American hostages were taken from the U. S. embassy to protest Carter allowing the Shah of Iran to come here for medical treatment Hostages were released when Ronald Reagan was elected President

Jimmy Carter • • • Helped bring peace to some areas of the Middle East through the Camp David Accords Iran hostage crisis It was a “slap in the face” when the US hostages were release from Iran after he left the presidency

Ronald Reagan • • Created “Star Wars” (Strategic Defense Initiative), an expensive missile defense system Met with Mikhail Gorbachev of the Soviet Union… eventually Communism fell, 1989 -1990

Iran-Contra Scandal, 1986 • • • Congress banned support to the Contras of Nicaragua and the U. S. was to support the Sandinistas Reagan’s aids sold missiles to the Iran & used the money to support the Contras Oliver North was one of the central figures in this scandals

Tiananmen Square, 1989 • • Students demonstrating against the Chinese government were killed and arrested by the government Economic sanctions were placed against China

Persian Gulf War, (Desert Storm) 1990 -1991 • • Iraq invaded Kuwait Quick war… few Americans killed

Famine in Ethiopia & Somalia

Important Recent Legislation to Remember • • • In Texas v. Johnson (1989), the Supreme Court ruled that flag burning is legal and protected by the 1 st Amendment 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act- protects people with AIDS, mental & physical disabilities by requiring equal access to public transportation & public buildings (ex. Ramps for wheelchairs, Braille); protects disabled from discrimination in employment 1998 Microsoft was sued by the U. S. Justice Department for being a monopoly (did not have to break up, but they were convicted of violating anti-trust laws) 26 th Amendment- lowered voting age from 21 to 18 27 th Amendment- pay raises for Congress had to be implemented the next year

Economic Policies • • Nixon- “stagflation” (unemployment & inflation) Ford- cut billions from the U. S. budget & raised taxes on corporations Carter- oil crisis; created Department of Energy to conserve energy & research new power sources Reagan- “Reaganomics”; “trickledown” economics theory, stated that if corporations had tax cuts, the savings would reach the common people • • Reagan cut social programs to pay for heavy defense spending to scare the Soviets into ending the Cold War Clinton- signed NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) to promote trade throughout North America (U. S. , Canada, Mexico) by ending tariffs; increased trade by $100 billion

Current Political Trends Left (liberal) (Democrats) • Women’s right to choose to have an abortion • Support gun control • Support social programs, which requires “big government” Moderates Right (conservative) (Republicans) • Oppose abortion • Oppose gun control • Power should be taken from the federal government & given to the states

Politics in the 1980 s-1990 s • • Christians fundamentalists & other conservatives united to support Reagan in the 1980 Pres. election Called themselves the “Moral Majority” 1980 Reagan • Conservative 1988 Bush • Conservative 2000 1992 Clinton G. W. Bush • Liberal Policies • Republican fiscal responsibility • Conservative

Do they know it's Christmas? It's Christmastime, there's no need to be afraid At Christmastime, we let in light and we banish shade And in our world of plenty we can spread a smile of joy Throw your arms around the world at Christmastime But say a prayer, pray for the other ones At Christmastime it's hard, but when you're having fun There's a world outside your window, and it's a world of dread and fear Where the only water flowing is the bitter sting of tears And the Christmas bells that ring there are the clanging chimes of doom Well tonight thank God it's them instead of you And there won't be snow in Africa this Christmastime The greatest gift they'll get this year is life (Oooh) Where nothing ever grows No rain or rivers flow Do they know it's Christmastime at all? Here's to you raise a glass for everyone Here's to them underneath that burning sun Do they know it's Christmastime at all? Feed the world Let them know it's Christmastime again We Are The World There comes a time when we heed a certain call when the world must come together as one. There are people dying and it´s time to lend a hand to life, the greatest gift of all. We can´t go on pretending day by day that someone, somewhere will soon make a change. We are a part of God´s great big family and the truth, you know, love is all we need. Refrain: We are the world, we are the children, we are the ones who make a brighter day, so let´s start giving. There´s a choice we´re making, we´re saving our lives, it´s true we make a better day, just you and me! Send me your heart, so they know that someone cares and their lives will be stronger and free. As God has shown us by turning stone to bread so we all must lend a helping hand. When you´re down and out there seems no hope at all but if you just believe, there´s no way we can fall. Oh, let us realize that a change can only come when we stand together as one, as one. Refrain: We are the world, . . .

We Didn’t Start the Fire, Billy Joel Harry Truman, Doris Day, Red China, Johnny Ray, South Pacific, Walter Winchell, Joe Di. Maggio, Joe Mc. Carthy, Richard Nixon, Studebaker, Television, North Korea, South Korea, Marilyn Monroe, Rosenbergs, H Bomb, Sugar Ray, Panmunjom, Brando, The King And I, and The Catcher In The Rye, Eisenhower, Vaccine, England's got a new queen, Maciano, Liberace, Santayana goodbye We didn't start the fire, It was always burning, since the world's been turning We didn't start the fire, No we didn't light it, But we tried to fight it Joseph Stalin, Malenkov, Nasser and Prokofiev, Rockefeller, Campanella, Communist Bloc Roy Cohn, Juan Peron, Toscanini, Dancron, Dien Bien Phu Falls, Rock Around the Clock Einstein, James Dean, Brooklyn's got a winning team, Davy Crockett, Peter Pan, Elvis Presley, Disneyland, Bardot, Budapest, Alabama, Khrushchev, Princess Grace, Peyton Place, Trouble in the Suez Little Rock, Pasternak, Mickey Mantle, Kerouac, Sputnik, Chou En-Lai, Bridge On The River Kwai, Lebanon, Charles de Gaulle, California baseball, Starkwether, Homicide, Children of Thalidomide, Buddy Holly, Ben Hur, Space Monkey, Mafia, Hula Hoops, Castro, Edsel is a no-go, U 2, Syngman Rhee, payola and Kennedy, Chubby Checker, Psycho, Belgians in the Congo Hemingway, Eichman, Stranger in a Strange Land, Dylan, Berlin, Bay of Pigs invasion, Lawrence of Arabia, British Beatlemania, Ole Miss, John Glenn, Liston beats Patterson , Pope Paul, Malcolm X, British Politician sex, J. F. K. blown away, what else do I have to say Birth control, Ho Chi Minh, Richard Nixon back again, Moonshot, Woodstock, Watergate, punk rock, Begin, Reagan, Palestine, Terror on the airline, Ayatollah's in Iran, Russians in Afghanistan, Wheel of Fortune, Sally Ride, heavy metal, suicide, Foreign debts, homeless Vets, AIDS, Crack, Bernie Goetz, Hypodermics on the shores, China's under martial law, Rock and Roller cola wars, I can't take it anymore

Sandra Day O’Connor, first female Supreme Court Justice (1981) Ruth Ginsburg, 1993

Clarence Thomas, second Black Supreme Court Justice, 1991 Anita Hill accused him of sexual harassment