19 2 Transportation Energy Part 2 Land Cars

19. 2 Transportation Energy: Part 2 Land: Cars, Buses and Trucks Focusing on Renewable Energy Vehicles and Alternative Fuel Vehicles Frank R. Leslie, B. S. E. E. , M. S. Space Technology, LS IEEE 4/7/2008, Rev. 1. 6 fleslie @fit. edu; (321) 674 -7377 www. fit. edu/~fleslie

19. 2. 0 Overview: Cars, Trucks, and Buses l Alternative Fuel Vehicles (AFVs) use ethanol or methanol or use various gases; even electricity n. Compressed natural gas (CNG) and propane are typical gaseous fuels l Electric cars and trucks use recharging electricity as their “fuel”, and other sources make that electricity; some may be nonpolluting, others might not This steam car was designed by Nicholas Joseph Cugnot and constructed by M. Brezin in 1769, shown bumping a wall in Paris Oops! 030409 http: //www. ausbcomp. com/~bbott/cars/carhist. htm

19. 2 Cugnot’s Car http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Nicolas-Joseph_Cugnot's 1771 fardier à vapeur, as preserved at the Musée des Arts et Métiers, Paris.

19. 2. 0. 1 Perhaps 25 to 60 mpg SUVs? It’s a hard sell to some people! ASEA 030407

19. 2. 1 Electric Vehicles (EVs) l Fully electric vehicles are normally recharged from utility power, although a home power system may be used l A large battery drives an electric motor to turn the wheels -- there is no engine or fuel cell l The pollution occurs at the power plant, where extensive emission controls may be in place l California requirements that manufacturers sell a percent of electric cars each year led to many models l Recently, hybrid cars are displacing the “pure electrics” as they have more appeal to the public and have greater driving distance between charges 080407 http: //www. cloudelectric. com

19. 2. 1. 1 Electric Vehicles (EVs) l GM has discontinued its leased electric cars since so few were wanted, California’s mandatory percentage of “zero emission” cars were revoked, and the small numbers made this vehicle redundant The cars are/were smashed or shipped overseas 080407 http: //www. gmev. com/map. htm

19. 2. 1 The “Citicar” EV l In 1974 -76, Vanguard, a Sebring, Florida company made this squarish electric car for short distance travel A security guard at the Air Force Tech Lab at Patrick drove his Citi. Car to work each day. 080407

19. 2. 1 The EV Pusher l I saw this fabulous car at the 2002 Sol. West Renewable Energy Fair in John Day, Oregon u. He told me about the license office man looking at the trailer, engine; what category is it? Hilarious story details are at http: //www. mrsharkey. com/pusher 6 a. htm l The back trailer (or is it the engine? ) recharges the battery in the front electric car and … can push the car through the trailer hitch! The car can run by itself on battery power. l The car-trailer thing is half a 1978 VW Rabbit diesel 080407 http: //www. mrsharkey. com/pusher. htm

19. 2. 1. 1 Student Electric Vehicles http: //www. formulasun. org/history/sunrayce_90. html http: //solarcar. northwestern. edu/home. html l Solar cells cover the surface of these cars l Self-contained solar cars are not “crash-worthy” l Converted cars have the crash resistance of a standard car 030331

19. 2. 1. 2 Electric Vehicles Race at Sol. West 2002, John Day, Oregon Fairgrounds http: //electrathoncars. tripod. com/whs-electrathon-racing/index. html http: //www. solwest. org/page 1. htm 030407

19. 2. 2 Hybrid Vehicles l The Honda CR-X hybrid uses gasoline and an electric motor l EIA says “Fuel Type Regular l MPG (city) 48 l MPG (highway) 47 l MPG (combined) 48 l Annual Fuel Cost $484 l A parallel hybrid uses mechanical connection of the motor and the engine l A series hybrid generates electricity from an engine-driven alternator to charge the battery, which powers a motor driving the wheels http: //www. fueleconomy. gov/feg/by. MPG. htm http: //www. cnn. com/2001/NATURE/01/24/hybrid. vehicles. enn/index. html 030409

19. 2. 3 Alternative Fuel Vehicles l AFVs are defined by law u Biodiesel u Electricity u Ethanol u Hydrogen u Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) u Methanol u Natural Gas (NG); (Compressed or CNG) l Categories u Dedicated: uses one specific fuel type u Bi-Fuel: can use either of two fuel types u Dual fuel: can use two fuel types simultaneously u Flex-fuel: can use two fuels blended in the same tank u Hybrid: uses either or both energy sources 030407

19. 2. 3 FSEC Fuel Comparison Chemistry Liquid or gas Gasoline C 4 to C 12 83 -98 114, 000 Btu Liquid CNG CH 4 120 -127 29, 000 Gas LNG CH 4 120 -127 73, 500 Liquid LPG C 3 H 8 89 -104 84, 000 Liquid Ethanol (E 85) CH 3 CH 2 OH 92 -111 80, 460 Liquid Methanol M 85 CH 3 OH 91 -112 65, 350 Liquid Hydrogen H 2 130+ 51, 000/pound Gas 61, 000/gallon Electric 050406 Octane Rating Energy per gallon Electron NA 3413 Btu/k. Wh N/A FSEC, 2002

19. 2. 3. 1. 1 LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) l LPG (called propane) vehicles have long been used inside buildings as emissions are lower l Propane and butane were discovered as contaminants in gasoline by Dr. Snelling in 1910; they could be distilled out for cooking fuel l A small 30 -pound tank is a convenient size and costs about $11. 50 (2005$); larger tanks are feasible l 15 billion gallons of propane are consumed in the US each year l In 1994, propane was used as follows: u 9. 0 billion gallons for chemical/industrial usage u 5. 4 billion gallons for residential/commercial usage u 1. 5 billion gallons for other uses including agricultural u 507 million gallons for internal combustion engine use u 78. 8 million gallons for utility/gas industry usage 050406 http: //www. propanegas. com/

19. 2. 3. 1. 1 LPG Conversions l Gasoline vehicles can be converted by removing the carburetor that atomizes gasoline and enlarging the fuel passage to admit the correct amount of propane gas l Some versions use a dual fuel system with a driver-changeable valve to select the fuel l A valve or solenoid valve turns it on or off. l The filling nozzle (right) looks different, but the action is much the same as for gasoline filling 050406 http: //www. shellgaslpg. com/site/page/24/lang/en

19. 2. 3. 2 Natural Gas (NG) l Uncompressed natural gas has limited ability to power a car since the size of a low-pressure tank would be very large – the hydrogen problem l Compression to several thousand pounds per square inch puts enough Btus in the vehicle for a reasonable range (160 to 200 atmospheres) Toyota Crown Honda Civic 080407 http: //www. gas. or. jp/ngve/text/ngv. html

19. 2. 3. 3 CNG Cars l Natural gas from a pipeline gate station can have the pressure reduced to charge a pressure vessel in the trunk of the car l The compressor is powered by pipeline natural gas so no external fuel is required l Natural gas is relatively clean and emissions are limited Compressed natural gas car at FSEC (Florida Solar Energy Center, Cocoa, FL) 030409 http: //www. transportation. anl. gov/fuels/ct 11 -CNG. html

19. 2. 3. 4 Ethanol l This ethanol car is riding a dynamometer to measure its performance at highway speeds u A dynamometer is a generator turned by the cylinder rotated by the car wheels u The voltage across a load resistor measures input horsepower l The Philippines have an ethanol use law passed when leaded gasoline was outlawed (see http: //www. chanrobles. com/pr esidentialdecreeno 2001. htm) 0804076 http: //www. transportation. anl. gov

19. 2. 3. 4. 1 Ethanol Truck l This truck was marketed to Philippines sugar cane growers about 1930 l Bagasse (cane refuse) can be fermented to make ethanol 050406

19. 2. 3. 5 Coal-Derived Fuels l Coal, refuse-derived fuel (RDF), oxygen, and steam combine to produce a medium-Btu fuel gas consisting of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, and both are combustible 080407

19. 2. 3. 5 Coal-Derived Fuels 030409 http: //www. lanl. gov/projects/cctc/factsheets/clnen/cleanedemo. html

19. 2. 3. 6 Methanol l Methanol can be made from natural gas or coal l Used for racing for years, since fires could be extinguished with water 030409 http: //www. methanol. org

19. 2. 3. 6. 1 Methanol from Landfills 030409 http: //www. methanol. org

19. 2. 3. 7 Biodiesel l Biodiesel cars often have an exhaust that smells like French fries, since the starting substance was free cooking oil from a restaurant l The oil is filtered, treated with alcohol and lye, and separated into the biodiesel and residual glycerin From the Greasy Guerrilla 030409 http: //www. cytoculture. com/Biodiesel%20 Handbook. htm http: //www. grass-car. com/

19. 2. 3. 8 Hydrogen l Hydrogen-fueled cars have been in use on an experimental basis l NASA is the primary hydrogen user l 95% of hydrogen is reformed from methane http: //www. eere. energy. gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/hydrogen_feature. html u Hydrogen is also produced by coal gasification u Electrolysis u Biomass conversion l Most commercial hydrogen is used to fix nitrogen from air to make ammonia for fertilizer, etc. 080407 http: //www. ecoworld. org/Articles/Images/Hydrogen_cars_Station 1. jpg my. voyager. net/lar/ train_freight. html

19. 2. 3. 8 Hydrogen Cars l Hydrogen is stored at 3600 and 5000 PSI in the big tanks, 7000 PSI in the smaller distribution tanks [www. ecoworld. org] l They developed a robotic fueling station that fills the tank in four minutes l BMW’s hydrogen tank has 70 layers of fiberglass and aluminum l The hydrogen is kept at -423 degrees Fahrenheit (-253 degrees Celsius) l The fuel range is 218 miles (350 km) 030409 http: //www. cnn. com/2001/TECH/science/03/16/hydrogen. cars/

19. 2. 4 Fuel Availability l Hydrogen is a good example of restricted fuel availability u. Hydrogen does not occur naturally as a fuel, but is an energy carrier u. Making hydrogen consumes energy and produces heat and sometimes pollution l Fuels must be readily available and easy for the average person to obtain and fill their vehicle l Both the fuels and the vehicles must be available in the same area to be a commercial success 030409

19. 2. 5 Pollution Issues l Electric vehicles must get the electricity for recharging the battery from an energy source; will it be a fossil fuel plant or wind turbines or solar or nuclear? l When the electricity comes from a coal-fired plant, is the stack pollution more or less than the sum of the exhaust pipes avoided? u. At least it’s away from people on city streets l AFVs that are nonelectric have different pollution issues since they may produce local roadside pollution and also require refinery or fuel preparation pollution 080407

19. 2. 6 Fuel Distribution to the final user requires an outlet as customer-friendly as the neighborhood gas station l Compressed gas stations have unusual filling procedures and a somewhat-threatening high pressure system l The vehicle connection must be secured before filling, while a gasoline nozzle is simply stuck in the fill pipe hole l Full-service filling may be needed for high-pressure gases for several years to avoid consumer problems 050406

19. 2. 7 Fuel Cells l Fuel cells are touted as the key to future transportation l Here a few kinds: u. Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) u. Metal hydride u. Molten carbonate 050406

19. 2. 7. 1 Fuel Cells l This engine fits under the floorboards of the car 030331

19. 2. 7. 2 Fuel Cell Types l These five cell versions are under evaluation 030427 http: //www. fuel-cell. de/bilder/bild 4_b-e. gif

19. 2. 7. 3 Electrolyzer Concept l The PEM reaction is reversible 030409 http: //www. pege. org/greenwinds/pics/electrolyzer 3. jpg

19. 2. 8 Issues and Trends l Cars that look somewhat like today’s versions will meet widespread public acceptance, as will those that fill the tank the same way l While some will buy a radically different car, most prefer a familiar looking vehicle l Some conventional SUVs are actually being advertised as “larger and wider” than last year’s model: Excess is good (and handy for “Road Rage” intimidation)! u. That means more weight to haul around and lower fuel mileage 050406

19. 2 Conclusion: Transportation 2 l Introduction of alternate fuel vehicles will require a long period of adjustment by the public l At one time, “full service” gas stations seemed necessary, but most people now found they could pump their own gas in order to pay a lower price l Perhaps CNG stations will need “full-service” at first l Current hybrid vehicles are user-friendly, thus will be rapidly accepted by the market if the price falls u. In transition over 20 years, they may be the common vehicle before some other type dominates the market l Vehicle changes are driven by cost above all else; if costs increase due to government pollution or carbon taxes, an economic shift will begin to occur 050406

19. G Glossary l AFV: Alternative Fuel Vehicle l CCC: Clean Cities Coalition; group advocating alternative fuel vehicles l EIA: Energy Information Agency l EV: Electric Vehicle l FCV: Fuel Cell Vehicle l FFV: Flexible Fuel Vehicle l NG: Natural Gas 030409

References: Books l Brower, Michael. Cool Energy. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press, 1992. 0 -262 -02349 -0, TJ 807. 9. U 6 B 76, 333. 79’ 4’ 0973. l Duffie, John and William A. Beckman. Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes. NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. , 920 pp. , 1991 l Sørensen, Bent. Renewable Energy, Second Edition. San Diego: Academic Press, 2000, 911 pp. ISBN 0 -12 -656152 -4. l ___, “A Guide to Alternative Fuel Transportation in Florida. ” Florida Solar Energy Center, Cocoa FL, 2002. FSEC-CR-1341 -02. 030304

References: Websites, etc. http: //mmf. ruc. dk/energy/Amsterdam 2002. PDF Sorensen’s paper on hydrogen http: //www. ballard. com/pdfs/transportation/XCS-HY-75 -FINAL-APR 5_4. 1. 2. 1. PDF http: //www. fueleconomy. gov/feg/by. MPG. htm for car comparisons http: //www. ott. doe. gov/pdfs/provisns. pdf http: //www. bjharding. com/citicar/moreev. htm Citicar details http: //www. fsec. ucf. edu/env/fsccities/afvtech. htm http: //www. eere. energy. gov/aro/hydrogen. html Hydrogen http: //www. cloudelectric. com/generic. html? pid=54 Electric car conversions http: //www. eere. energy. gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/hydrogen/in_use. html http: //www. phy. duke. edu/~hartley/rightwatch/hydrogen. html Hydrogen source questions worth reading http: //www. fuel-cell. de More on fuel cells http: //www. gmev. com/map. htm The discontinued EV electric vehicle http: //www. transportation. anl. gov Ethanol vehicles http: //www. mrsharkey. com/pusher. htm The EV Pusher Car _______________________________________________ www. dieoff. org. Site devoted to the decline of energy and effects upon population www. google. com/search? q=%22 renewable+energy+course%22 solstice. crest. org/ dataweb. usbr. gov/html/powerplant_selection. html 030409