16 March 2018 Cognitive Psychology 1 What

16 March 2018 Cognitive Psychology 1

What is the difference in the memory of these animals? How would you design an experiment to test the memory of each? 16 March 2018 Cognitive Psychology 2

Cognitive Psychology Models of Memory 16 March 2018 Cognitive Psychology 3

What is Memory? “Memory is the storage of an internal representation of knowledge” Blakemore (1988) http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Pzvk. Ukob. Fdg&mode=related&search= Memento Trailer 16 March 2018 Cognitive Psychology 4

Some memory experiments Ethics briefing 1. These experiments look at how we memorise information 2. Each experiment will last less than 5 minutes 3. All results are confidential 4. You do not have to participate 5. You may withdraw at any time 6. There will be no long-term effects 16 March 2018 Cognitive Psychology 5

First Experiment Instructions • Write the letters A, B, C & D down the side of your page • Pens down! • You’ll be given 10 secs to memorise each number that appears • When it disappears I’ll give an instruction to pick up your pen • Using your memory to write down the number you just saw 16 March 2018 Cognitive Psychology 6

A 5897 16 March 2018 Cognitive Psychology 7

B 2967849 16 March 2018 Cognitive Psychology 8

C 5489723056 16 March 2018 Cognitive Psychology 9

D 4687365902138 16 March 2018 Cognitive Psychology 10

In a moment this grid will be full of letters. Try to remember as many of these letters as you can, in their correct position, in a 2 minute time period. 16 March 2018 Cognitive Psychology 11

memorise the 56 letters in their correct positions H T M S L F U L A E O I I O S A N N R T F R N B T A E I E E O T H T I H N T T O A R M B A N D S T O P A E A M F 16 March 2018 Cognitive Psychology 12

Capacity of short-term memory Discussion questions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Experiment 1: At what point did you begin to find it difficult to recall the numbers in the correct order? Experiment 2: How many letters did you recall correctly in the grid? What techniques did you use for remembering? What does this tell us about capacity of short-term (immediate) memory? How can we use this knowledge in everyday life? 16 March 2018 Cognitive Psychology 13

The Memory Decay Curve Ebbinghaus learnt lots of meaningless lists n He found that once learnt they quickly decayed n Although re-learning was quicker than learning from scratch n 16 March 2018 Cognitive Psychology 14

Enduring Long Term Memories People were asked about high school year books n Had to identify old classmates n People seem quite good at this n Bahrick et. al. 1975 16 March 2018 Cognitive Psychology 15

Recall of an Early Memory We forget a lot before the age of 4 n When people were asked questions about the birth of a younger sibling the older children could recall more n (Sheingold & Tenney 1982) 16 March 2018 Cognitive Psychology 16

Man with amazing memory: Steven Wiltshire http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=d. Afa M_CBv. P 8&mode=related&search= Steven Wiltshire – Photographic Memory? http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=_MMORg. BV 5 Yw&mode=rel ated&search= Steven Wiltdhire’s New York Diary http: //www. ste phenwiltshire. co. uk/ 16 March 2018 Cognitive Psychology 17

Things to consider in memory n How much stuff can you get into memory? – Capacity n How long do your memories last for? – Duration n How do memories get in our head? – Encoding http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=co. ZK-t 7 lbp 8&mode=related&search = Clive Wearing 16 March 2018 Cognitive Psychology 18

Long and Short Term Memories Short term memories are: n Limited size Long term memories are: n – About 7 bits of info n Does not last long – Infinite n – About 15 seconds n Favours acoustic sounds Unlimited size Last forever – A lifetime n Favours a semantic form of coding http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Yp 9 q. FSj. JZk&mode=related&search=Ben%20 Pridmore%20 memory%20 mnemonic%20 improve%20 brain%20 british%20 memorise%20 speed%20 card s%20 WMC%20 mind%20 mental%20 calculation%20 zoomy%20 zoomzoom World Memory Champ 16 March 2018 Cognitive Psychology 19

The Multi-Store Model 16 March 2018 Cognitive Psychology 20

Serial Position Effect 16 March 2018 Cognitive Psychology 21

http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=w. DNDRDJy-vo You Tube: BBC 4 Clive Wearing (10 mins) 16 March 2018 Cognitive Psychology 22

Working Memory 16 March 2018 Cognitive Psychology 23

Features of Working Memory There are two components linked to Central Executive n 1. Articulatory or phonological (speech-sounds) n 2. Visual-spatial (vision-images) n 16 March 2018 Cognitive Psychology 24

Testing Working Memory n There are two assumptions to this model n 1. If two tasks make use of the same component, they can not be performed successfully together. n 2. If two tasks make use of different components it should be possible to perform them as well together as separately. 16 March 2018 Cognitive Psychology 25

Baddeley & Hitch (1974) Participants had to say whether the following was either true or false. B is before A BA G is before H GD N is after J JN F follows W WF P is before Y YP S follows Q SQ 16 March 2018 Cognitive Psychology 26

Baddeley & Hitch (1974) n While working out these problems, participants had to do one of the following: n n Say “the” repeatedly Repeat the sequence “one, two, three, four, five, six” over and over Repeat a different random run of digits each time n Do nothing – just the task n 16 March 2018 Cognitive Psychology 27

The Working Memory Model Central Executive (limited capacity) Articulatory loop Verbal rehearsal system ‘inner voice’ 16 March 2018 Primary acoustic store Accessed directly from the attentional system Or indirectly via the articulatory loop ‘the inner ear’ Cognitive Psychology Visuo-spatial scratch pad Spatial or visual coding ‘inner eye’ 28

Types of Long Term Memories Explicit (declarative) Facts, general knowledge 16 March 2018 Long Term Memory Personal Experience Implicit (procedural) Motor Skills Cognitive Psychology Conditioned Responses 29

1. Spend 30 seconds looking at each doodle. Blish mix Rist half 16 March 2018 Cent form Kereaf Cognitive Psychology 2. Try to remember the doodle and the title that goes with it. • Try to draw the doodle that goes with each title 30

1. Spend 30 seconds looking at each doodle. Titanic Worm skates 2. Try to remember the doodle and the title that goes with it. • Try to draw the doodle that goes with each title squashed waffle 16 March 2018 Eggs upside down Cognitive Psychology Memory 31

Levels of Processing Theory n n n Listening Reading Writing Doing Understanding Remembering 16 March 2018 The deeper we understand information the more we retain. n Different ways of processing will aid recall n Cognitive Psychology 32

Class Experiment n You are about to be presented with a list of words and a statement. Your task is to decide if the statement about the word is true or false. n Any Questions? 16 March 2018 Cognitive Psychology 33

Are these statements true or false? n n n n n n House has five letters Scissors are used for cutting Drum is a musical instrument Clocks tell the time CHAIR is printed in capitals Kettle has four letters Chips go with fish Honey is what spiders make Knife is spelled correctly Cold is the opposite of hot Book has four letters BLACK is written in capitals Horse has five letters Purple is not a colour Green is spelled correctly Mother is always female Find has three letters Table may be made of wood Lake has six letters Shoes come in pairs June is printed in capitals Fruit can be eaten 16 March 2018 Cognitive Psychology T T T T T T F F F F F F 34

Which words were remembered? Shallow processing House has five letters CHAIR is printed in capitals Kettle has four letters Knife is spelled correctly Book has four letters BLACK is written in capitals Horse has five letters Green is spelled correctly Find has three letters Lake has six letters June is printed in capitals 16 March 2018 Semantic /deep processing Shoes come in pairs Table may be made of wood Mother is always female Purple is not a colour Cold is the opposite of hot Fruit can be eaten Chips go with fish Honey is what spiders make Drum is a musical instrument Clocks tell the time Scissors are used for cutting Cognitive Psychology 35

Craik & Tulving (1975) They did an experiment similar to the previous one. Although they used slightly different processes They also did not tell people that they would be expected to recall the words 16 March 2018 • table Is the word in capital letters? • HOUSE Does the word rhyme with mouse? • Fence Does the word fit with the following statement; The man fixed the ____ because the wind blew it over Cognitive Psychology 36

Levels of Processing Model 16 March 2018 Cognitive Psychology 37

Levels of Processing Model 16 March 2018 Cognitive Psychology 38

General Evaluation: n The problem with external validity? – Is there anything wrong with using words to recall? n Separate memory stores? n Emotional factors? n Expectations – personal information 16 March 2018 Cognitive Psychology 39

Applied Psychology & Memory http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Dg. QNke_d. Ga 0 Derren Brown You Tube (1 min) http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=mh. Zc. Ho. U-QR 8 Using imagery to remember 16 March 2018 Cognitive Psychology 40