1492 End of the Middle Ages? Renaissance (“rebirth”): Starting in Italy in 14 th c. Spreading to rest of Europe in later 15 th c. Continuing until early 17 th c.
1422 -61 Reign of Charles VII Burgundy. Anjou Orleans Bourbon 1461 -83 Reign of Louis XI Takes control of Anjou, Orleans, Bourbon 1467 Accession of Charles the Rash of Burgundy
Charles attempts to conquer Alsace and Lorraine Opposed by machinations of Louis, but initially successful 1476 Charles’ forces defeated by Swiss (twice)
1477 Charles killed at Nancy Mary, daughter of Charles, marries heir to Holy Roman Empire Burgundy passes to France Low Countries pass to Holy Roman Empire
House of Hapsburg End 15 th c. Principalities of Holy Roman Empire establishing strong independent rule 1495 Milan appeals to French for aid against Naples, gets invasion
1291 Forest Cantons form league, start of the Swiss Confederation 1315 Swiss defeat (Hapsburg) Duke of Austria. League grows 1386 Swiss defeat Hapsburgs (again)
15 th c. Wars of the Roses Social Classes in England: Aristocracy Gentry & Merchants Yoemen Peasants
Henry VI (r. 1422 -61) 1455 Start of Wars of the Roses, initially btw. Richard of York and Queen Margaret York Lancaster 1460 Lancastrians defeat Yorkists, kill Richard 1461 Yorkist Edward defeats Lancastrians, becomes king (Edward IV, r. 1461 -83)
1483 Death of Edward. Richard of Gloucester begins to arrange coronation of Edward’s son, but parliament declares sons illegitimate. Richard becomes king (Richard III, r. 1483 -85) 1485 Henry Tudor (Lancastrian) arrives in England with French support, defeats Richard III at Bosworth Field, becomes Henry VII (r. 1485 -1509). He marries Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV, uniting houses of York and Lancaster
Renaissance Religion: Flagellants Visionaries and preachers Saints (e. g Catherine of Siena, canonised 1461) Religion in art (e. g. by Michelangelo Buonarroti [1475 -1564])
Columbus: a religious missionary? Protestant Reformation Catholic Counter-Reformation Martin Luther (1483 -1546) - influence of Hus and Wycliffe
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