12 77 seconds for 100 m 28 kph

12. 77 seconds for 100 m (28 kph) Copyright 2005 1

Above-The-Knee Amputee Earle Connor CA 12. 77 seconds for 100 m (28 kph) Copyright 2005 From: http: //www. paralympic. ca/english/athens 2004/Athletes/CONNOR_EARLE. asp 2

Above-The-Knee Amputee Earle Connor CA 12. 77 seconds for 100 m (28 kph) A Physical Exo-Prosthesis Copyright 2005 From: http: //www. paralympic. ca/english/athens 2004/Athletes/CONNOR_EARLE. asp 3

21. 97 seconds for 200 m (32. 5 kph) Copyright 2005 4

21. 97 seconds for 200 m (32. 5 kph) Improvements needed 2005 -08: 5% for the QF 6. 5% for the SF 10% for the Gold Copyright 2005 5

Double Below-The-Knee Amputee Oscar Pistorius ZA 21. 97 seconds for 200 m (32. 5 kph) A Physical Exo-Orthosis Copyright 2005 From: IEEE Spectrum, June 2005, p. 13 http: //www. spectrum. ieee. org/WEBONLY/resource/jun 05/0605 nspo. html 6

PHYSICAL PROSTHESES To recover lost functionality • • • Copyright 2005 External Prostheses • Spectacles, . . . • Renal dialysis machines, iron lungs, . . . Exo-Prostheses • Contact lenses, Hearing-aids, … • Artificial Limbs, . . . Endo-Prostheses • Shoulders, hips, knees, stents, . . . 7

PHYSICAL ORTHOSES To extend functionality • External Orthoses • • Exo-Orthoses • • Walking-sticks, Cricket bats, . . . Night-glasses, … Artificial limbs, . . . Endo-Orthoses • Copyright 2005 Binoculars, telescopes, . . . Decompression chambers, space-suits, . . . Teleoperation incl. Remotely-Controlled Arms, Haptics (tele-feedback to touch), . . . Pig-hearts for humans ? 8

Above-the-Elbow Amputee Peter Eberle AU “The nerves at the top of the arm tell the muscles to contract. … The muscle emits myo-electrical impulses that are detected by the arm’s [battery-operated] CPU, which tells the motor in the hand to move” From: ‘Keen gardener gets dynamic lifter’ The Sydney Morning Herald, 5 July 2005 Copyright 2005 9

Above-the-Elbow Amputee Peter Eberle AU “The nerves at the top of the arm tell the muscles to contract. … The muscle emits myo-electrical impulses that are detected by the arm’s [battery-operated] CPU, which tells the motor in the hand to move” An Intelligent Physical Exo. Prosthesis (Otto Bock Ltd & Gmb. H) From: ‘Keen gardener gets dynamic lifter’ The Sydney Morning Herald, 5 July 2005 Copyright 2005 10

Stelarc’s Performance Art Copyright 2005 From: http: //www. stelarc. va. com. au/cards/copernicus. jpg 11

Steve Mann’s Wearcam, Sousveillance, etc. Copyright 2005 From: http: //wearcam. org/ 12

Steve Mann’s Wearcam, Sousveillance, etc. A Neurological Exo-Prosthesis Copyright 2005 From: http: //wearcam. org/ 13

The Boston Retinal Implant Project Surviving retinal cells are [to be] electrically stimulated to pass signals to the brain that it interprets as sight Copyright 2005 From: http: //www. bostonretinalimplant. org/project/prosthesis. xml 14

An Intelligent Physical Prosthesis Electrical pulses are generated in the patient's ear which generate the impression of sound. 22 electrodes replace tens of thousands of hair cells Copyright 2005 From: http: //www. Bionic. Ear. org/ 15

An Intelligent Physical Prosthesis Electrical pulses are generated in the patient's ear which generate the impression of sound. 22 electrodes replace tens of thousands of hair cells A Neurological Endo-Prosthesis Copyright 2005 From: http: //www. Bionic. Ear. org/ 16

Kevin chip-in-arm Warwick Copyright 2005 From: http: //www. kevinwarwick. com/ 17

NEUROLOGICAL PROSTHESES and ORTHOSES • • • Copyright 2005 External • Virtual Reality, Haptics, . . . Exo • Steve Mann’s visual/sousveillance, . . . Endo • Neurologically-controlled arificial limbs, Cochlear implants, Chip implants, . . . 18

Cyborgism and Robotics • Robot – from art to engineering Coined by Karel Çapek 1918, 1921 for mass-produced men /serfs (‘R. U. R. ’ – Rossum's Universal Robots) ‘Robotics’ coined by Asimov in 1942, for the engineering of computation-effector artefacts Robotic Engineering from the 1950 s • Cyborg – from engineering to art Clynes & Kline 1960 – extra-terrestrial environments demand an enhanced human being • Copyright 2005 Advanced Artificial Limbs (AALs) are Robots So People with AALs are robot-hybrids, now 19

‘DIGITAL’ or ‘VIRTUAL’ PROSTHESES and ORTHOSES • • • Copyright 2005 Agent-Principal Communications • Stock-Price Movement alerts • Arbitrage-Opportunity alerts • Asset-Security alerts (house, car, . . . ) Virtual Reality • Visualisation in 3 D • Haptics (touch-feedback) Avatars • Gaming • Conferencing 20

The Enhanced Persona – Opportunities • The Digital Persona (1994 Vintage) a model of an individual's public personality based on data and maintained by transactions and intended for use as a proxy for the individual • • Copyright 2005 Avatars – project Appearance distant in Space and/or Time Agents – enable Action distant in Space and/or Time These are elements of Projected Persona They create new opportunities for individuals 21

The Enhanced Persona – Threats • Avatars and Agents create opportunities for exploitation by Organisations as well, e. g. • Surveillance Bots, watching People • Control Bots, acting on People • Scope also exists for a Persona to be imposed or manipulated, e. g. • Evidence Falsification • Evidence Planting Copyright 2005 22

Biological Prostheses and Orthoses • Surgical Procedures • Joint Repairs (Knee, Hip) • Laser Eye Surgery • Elbow Enhancements, for baseball pitchers • Gene Therapy / Intervention, e. g. for • Cystic Fibrosis • . . . • Genetic Selectivity / Eugenics, e. g. • Foetus-Screening (for termination) • Embryo-Screening (for IVF) • Germinal Choice Technology (for feature selection) Copyright 2005 23

Mental / Computational Prostheses and Othoses? • Computationally-Derived Intelligence / ‘AI’ ( complex algorithms), largely failed. . . • . . . on to Biologically-Inspired Computing (simpler, ‘genetic’ rules), leading to. . . • Artificial Life (‘lifelike’ behaviour of digital artefacts) Copyright 2005 24

Human-Artefact Hybridisation Categories of Artefacts Physical Neurological Digital Biological Prostheses • External • Exo • Endo Orthoses • External • Exo • Endo Copyright 2005 25

Speculative Extensions • New Sensors • Stelarc’s muscles stimulated by external forces such as local internet traffic • Magnetic and Electrical fields • Gravity • Telepathy, … • . . . • New Effectors • Induction • Telepathy, Telekinesis, … • . . . Copyright 2005 26

Speculative Extensions • Jacking in / Constructs / Partials / Dittos /. . . (Vinge, Gibson, Bear, Egan, Brin, . . . ) • • . . . • Transhumanism (Esfandiary) • Copyright 2005 Uploading (Moravec) The Singularity (Vinge) 27

Likely Development Paths • • Copyright 2005 Research Sponsorship by: • Sports Industries • ‘The Aging Rich’ • The Aerospace-Military Complex, now the ‘Homeland Security’ Gravy-Train Early Applications to: • Sport • Individual Wellbeing and Survival • ‘Security’ (whose? ) 28

Some Impacts • • Copyright 2005 Social Control by Nation-States, Corporations: • Surveillance and Control Robots, Cyborgs • Persona-Imposition • Orthosis-Imposition (e. g. chip-insertion) Power-Balance among Near-Human Entities Entity Rights Existential Notions: • Human-ness and Humanity • Individuality 29