11 Peace settlement for disputes 11 1 international

11. Peace settlement for disputes 11. 1 international disputes 11. 1. 1 term: It is a matter for objective determination in the Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions Case 1924 PCJ.

11. 1. 2 international laws üDeclaration On Principles Of International Law Friendly Relations And Co-Operation Among States In Accordance With The Charter Of The United Nations üManila Declaration on the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes

11. 1. 3 Types of Peaceful settlement negotiation inquiry Good office arbitration or mediation ICJ consolidation UN

11. 1. 4 ICJ ①Judgment ②Advisory opinion

ü The International Court of Justice (commonly referred to as the World Court or ICJ) is the primary judicial branch of the United Nations. It is based in the Peace Palace in The Hague, Netherlands. Its main functions are to settle legal disputes submitted to it by states and to provide advisory opinions on legal questions submitted to it by duly authorized international branches, agencies, and the UN General Assembly.

ü As stated in Article 93 of the UN Charter, all 193 UN members are automatically parties to the Court's statute. Non-UN members may also become parties to the Court's statute under the Article 93(2) procedure. For example, before becoming a UN member state, Switzerland used this procedure in 1948 to become a party. And Nauru became a party in 1988. Once a state is a party to the Court's statute, it is entitled to participate in cases before the Court. However, being a party to the statute does not automatically give the Court jurisdiction over disputes involving those parties. The issue of jurisdiction is considered in the two types of ICJ cases: contentious issues and advisory opinions.

First, 36(1) provides that parties may refer cases to the Court (jurisdiction founded on "special agreement" or "compromise"). This method is based on explicit consent rather than true compulsory jurisdiction.

Second, 36(1) also gives the Court jurisdiction over "matters specifically provided for. . . in treaties and conventions in force". Most modern treaties will contain a compromissory clause, providing for dispute resolution by the ICJ.

Third, Article 36(2) allows states to make optional clause declarations accepting the Court's jurisdiction. The label "compulsory" which is sometimes placed on Article 36(2) jurisdiction is misleading since declarations by states are voluntary. Furthermore, many declarations contain reservations, such as exclusion from jurisdiction certain types of disputes ("ratione materia").

Finally, 36(5) provides for jurisdiction on the basis of declarations made under the Permanent Court of International Justice's statute. Article 37 of the Statute similarly transfers jurisdiction under any compromissory clause in a treaty that gave jurisdiction to the PCIJ.

the Court may have jurisdiction on the basis of tacit consent (forum prorogatum). In the absence of clear jurisdiction under Article 36, jurisdiction will be established if the respondent accepts ICJ jurisdiction explicitly or simply pleads on the merits. The notion arose in the Corfu Channel Case (UK v Albania) (1949) in which the Court held that a letter from Albania stating that it submitted to the jurisdiction of the ICJ was sufficient to grant the court jurisdiction.

②advisory opinion It is a function of the Court open only to specified United Nations bodies and agencies. On receiving a request, the Court decides which States and organizations might provide useful information and gives them an opportunity to present written or oral statements. they were intended as a means by which UN agencies could seek the Court's help in deciding complex legal issues that might fall under their respective mandates.

the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons The initial request for an advisory opinion by the ICJ was presented by the WHO on 3 September 1993, but the ICJ did not render an opinion on this request because the WHO was acting outside its legal capacity. Another request was presented by the General Assembly in December 1994. The ICJ handed down an advisory opinion on 8 July 1996 the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons case.

倪征燠、 史久镛、 李浩培、 刘大群、 赵理海

史久镛 1994 年以高票当 选为国际法 院法官， 2003年 2月6 日当选国际 法院院长

中国资深女外交官、首任 驻东盟大使薛捍勤，10 年 7月日在联合国大会 和安理会举行的国际法 院法官选举中高票当选， 从而成为这一权威国际 司法机构中的首位中国 籍女法官。

凌岩教授系李浩培先生之女，在国际宇航大会开幕式，曾任职设在非洲卢 旺达的联合国国际刑事法庭。

1993年, 小和田雅子（右）与父亲小 和田恒及母亲的合影。

11. 1. 5 The International Criminal Court It commonly referred to as the ICC is a permanent tribunal to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression. The ICC was created by the Rome Statute which came into force on 1 July 2002. The Court has established itself in The Hague, Netherlands, but its proceedings may take place anywhere.

Following years of negotiations, the General Assembly convened a conference in Rome in June 1998, with the aim of finalizing a treaty. On 17 July 1998, the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court was adopted by a vote of 120 to 7, with 21 countries abstaining. The seven countries that voted against the treaty were China, Iraq, Israel, Libya, Qatar, United States, and Yemen.

The establishment of an international tribunal to judge political leaders accused of war crimes was first made during the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 by the Commission of Responsibilities. The issue was addressed again at a conference held in Geneva under the auspices of the League of Nations on 1– 16 November 1937, which resulted in the conclusion of the first convention stipulating the establishment of a permanent international court to try acts of international terrorism. The convention was signed by 13 governments, but was never ratified, and the convention never entered into effect.

The United Nations stated that the General Assembly first recognised the need for a permanent international court to deal with atrocities of the kind committed during World War II in 1948, following the Nuremberg and Tokyo Tribunals. At the request of the General Assembly, the International Law Commission drafted two statutes by the early 1950 s but these were shelved as the Cold War made the establishment of an international criminal court politically unrealistic.

þInternational Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia þInternational Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, ICTR

11. 1. 6 The Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) It was established in 1899 at the first Hague Peace Conference. The PCA provides services for the arbitration and resolution of disputes involving states, state entities, intergovernmental organizations, and private parties. The PCA is different from the International Court of Justice which is housed in the same building, the Peace Palace in The Hague.

The creation of the PCA is set out under Articles 20 to 29 of the 1899 Hague Convention for the pacific settlement of international disputes, which was a result of the first Hague Peace Conference. At the second Hague Peace Conference, the earlier Convention was revised by the 1907 Convention for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes.

11. 1. 7 The deference between of good office and mediation ü Good offices involves the involvement of a third party such as the UN Secretary General, with the consent of State in disputes, to help them establish direct contacts without joining negotiations.

ü Mediation, as used in law, is a form of alternative dispute resolution (ADR), a way of resolving disputes between two or more parties with concrete effects. Typically, a third party, the mediator, assists the parties to negotiate a settlement.

波黑塞族前领导人卡拉 季奇被捕前照片 1995年 2月13日，卡拉季奇在 波斯尼亚沙马茨出席议会会 议的资料照片

16岁的少年埃德蒙展示在大屠杀中被 砍伤后头上留下的刀疤

07/33. 甲、乙两国因历史遗留的宗教和 民族问题，积怨甚深。2004年甲国新任 领导人试图缓和两国关系，请求丙国予 以调停。甲乙丙三国之间没有任何关于 解决争端方法方面的专门条约。根据国 际法的有关规则和实践，下列哪一项判 断是正确的？　　

A. 丙国在这种情况下，有义务充当调停者 B. 如果丙国进行调停，则乙国有义务参与 调停活动 C. 如果丙国进行调停，对于调停的结果 ， 一般不负有监督和担保的义务 D. 如果丙国进行调停，则甲国必须接受调 停结果 C

03/18. 关于1993年 6月成立的联合国前南国际 法庭，下列选项中哪一种表述是正确的？ A. 它是联合国大会设立的司法性质的附属机关 B. 它是联合国安理会设立的司法性质的附属机 关 C. 它是普遍性的国际刑事司法机构 D. 它是联合国国际法院下属的刑事法庭 B

04/34. 甲乙两国协议将其海洋划界 争端提交联合国国际法院。国际 法院就此案作出判决后，甲国拒 不履行依该判决所承担的义务。 根据《国际法院规约》，下列做 法哪一个是正确的？

A. 乙国可以申请国际法院指令甲国的国内法院强 制执行该判决 B. 乙国可以申请由国际法院执行庭对该判决强制 执行 C. 乙国可以向联合国安理会提出申诉，请求由安 理会作出建议或采取行动，执行该判决 D. 乙国可以向联合国大会法律委员会提出申诉， 由法律委员会决定采取行动，执行该判决

解析：根据《国际法院规约》的规定，国际法院 的判决是终局性的。《联合国宪章》第 94条规 定：对于国际法院的判决，当事国必须履行。 如有一方拒不履行判决，他方得向安理会提出 申诉，安理会认为有必要的，可以作出有关建 议或决定采取措施执行判决。可见，当事国一 方提出申请的对象是安理会。故此，本题选C.

（2008年） 　　29. 甲国是联合国的会员国。2006年， 联合国驻甲国的某机构以联合国的名义， 与甲国政府签订协议，购买了一批办公 用品。由于甲国交付延期，双方产生纠 纷。根据《联合国宪章》和有关国际法 规则，下列哪一选项是正确的？　　

A. 作为政治性国际组织，联合国组织的上述购 买行为自始无效 B. 上述以联合国名义进行的行为，应视为联合 国所有会员国的共同行为 C. 联合国大会有权就该项纠纷向国际法院提起 针对甲国的诉讼，不论甲国是否同意 D. 联合国大会有权就该项纠纷请求国际法院发 表咨询意见，不论甲国是否同意

03/18. 关于1993年 6月成立的联合国前南国际法庭， 下列选项中哪一种表述是正确的？ A. 它是联合国大会设立的司法性质的附属机关 B. 它是联合国安理会设立的司法性质的附属机关 C. 它是普遍性的国际刑事司法机构 D. 它是联合国国际法院下属的刑事法庭B

11/34．甲乙两国协议将其边界领土争端提交联合国国 际法院。国际法院作出判决后，甲国拒不履行判决确 定的义务。根据《国际法院规约》，乙国哪一做法正 确 A．可申请国际法院指令甲国国内法院强制执行 B．可申请由国际法院强制执行 C．可向联合国安理会提出申诉，请求由安理会作出建 议或决定采取措施执行判决 D．可向联大法律委员会提出申诉，由法律委员会决定 采取行动执行判决 c

11/76．根据国际法相关规则，关于国际争端解决 方式，下列哪些表述正确？ 　　A．甲乙两国就界河使用发生纠纷，丙国为支 持甲国可出面进行武装干涉 　　B．甲乙两国发生边界争端，丙国总统可出面 进行调停 　　C．甲乙两国可书面协议将两国的专属经济区 争端提交联合国国际法院，国际法院对此争端拥 有管辖权 　　D．国际法院可就国际争端解决提出咨询意见， 该意见具有法律拘束力 BC