10/27/18581/6/1919 From: New York *1901 -1909* Republican Vice president: Charles W. Fairbanks PP: Square Deal Theodore Roosevelt
T. Roosevelt DOMESTIC POLICIES PROGRESSIVISM THE SQUARE DEAL POLITICAL ECONOMIC SOCIAL
(2) THE SQUARE DEAL 1. TR was inspired by the progressive movement 2. Called for a “Square Deal” (like a square meal in the military- just the basics) for capital, labor, and the public 3. Program embraced the three C’s i. Control of Corporations ii. Consumer Protection iii. Conservation of Natural Resources
Political/Social Components of the Square Deal (6) Coal Strike of 1902 i. Strike in the coal mines of Pennsylvania ii. Workers demanded improvements in pay and reduction in working hours iii. Mine owners refused to negotiate
iv. Coal supplies dwindled: forced factories, hospitals, and schools to shut down v. TR brought representatives of each group to the White House vi. TR threatened to seize the mines and operate them by federal troops if they could not come to an agreement viii. Owners consented to ARBITRATION (a disagreement between two or more parties is resolved by impartial individuals)
(10) Trust-Busting 2. Department of Commerce & Labor i. Created in 1903 ii. Organization which was authorized to look into business operations – started the path to “trust-busting”
Trust-busting under Teddy R. • • Roosevelt’s philosophy concerning trusts (monopolies) – TR thought there were good trusts and bad trusts Good trusts looked out for the public while bad trusts were greedy for power Over 40 legal proceedings were brought to the US Supreme court against monopolies under TR TR’s real purpose behind trust-busting? To prove that the government, NOT BIG BUSINESS, ruled the country.
Roosevelt struggles with the railroad trusts
Northern Securities Company– a railroad company organized under J. P. Morgan and James J. Hill • Roosevelt sued them- TR brought a lawsuit against the company on the charges that it held a monopoly of the RRs in the Northwest • In 1904 the Supreme Court upheld the antitrust suit- agreeing with Roosevelt Railroad Regulation Begins
(7) Elkins Act It strengthened the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 by imposing heavy fines on railroads offering rebates and on the shippers accepting them. The law was sponsored by Roosevelt as a part of his "Square Deal", and greatly boosted his popularity. This law also caused nearly all railroads to become defunct for a short period of time.
(15). Hepburn Act of 1906 a. strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission by allowing the ICC to truly regulate existing rates of railroads (The ICC received much more power to punish violators!)
(4) J. P Morgan/ US Steel (1901) Morgan began talks with Charles M. Schwab, president of Carnegie Co. , and businessman Andrew Carnegie in 1900 with the intention of buying Carnegie's business and several other steel and iron businesses to consolidate them to create the United States Steel Corporation. Carnegie agreed to sell the business to Morgan for $480 million. The deal was closed without lawyers and without a written contract. News of the industrial consolidation arrived to newspapers in mid-January 1901. U. S. Steel was founded later that year and was the first billion-dollar company in the world worth $1. 4 billion.
• After two unsuccessful attempts to establish a company to manufacture automobiles, the Ford Motor Company was incorporated in 1903 with Henry Ford as vice-president and chief engineer. The infant company produced only a few cars a day at the Ford factory on Mack Avenue in Detroit. Groups of two or three men worked on each car from components made to order by other companies. (8) Henry Ford Motor Company
Conservation Components of the Square Deal (5) 1902 Newlands Reclamation Act Washington was authorized to collect money from the sale of public lands in the West and use the funds for the development of funds for irrigation projects; to improve other land
ii. This legislation allowed for dozens of dams to be built across the West iii. TR inspired many Americans to focus on the nation’s natural resources – in 1902 he banned Christmas trees from the White House iv. Literature which focused on nature such as Call of the Wild by Jack London (1903) became very popular in the cities
(21) National Conservation Commission • It compiled an inventory of U. S. natural resources and presents Gifford Pinchot's concepts of resource management as a comprehensive policy recommendation in a three-volume report submitted to Congress at the beginning of 1909. Roosevelt and Pinchot wanted the Commission to continue, but Congress refused further funding.
(12) San Francisco Earthquake The California earthquake of April 18, 1906 ranks as one of the most significant earthquakes of all time. Today, its importance comes more from the wealth of scientific knowledge derived from it than from its sheer size. The maelstrom destroyed 490 city blocks, a total of 25, 000 buildings, made over 250, 000 homeless and killed between 450 and 700. Damage estimates topped $350, 000.
(17) Oklahoma • Oklahoma Territory was an organized territory of the United States from May 2, 1890 until November 16, 1907, when Oklahoma became the 46 th state. It consisted of the western area of what is now the State of Oklahoma. The eastern area consisted of the last remnant of Indian Territory.
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