Скачать презентацию 10 — 1 CHAPTER 10 The Cost of Скачать презентацию 10 — 1 CHAPTER 10 The Cost of

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10 - 1 CHAPTER 10 The Cost of Capital n Cost of capital components 10 - 1 CHAPTER 10 The Cost of Capital n Cost of capital components n Accounting for flotation costs n WACC n Adjusting cost of capital for risk n Estimating project risk Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.

10 - 2 What types of capital do firms use? Debt Preferred stock Common 10 - 2 What types of capital do firms use? Debt Preferred stock Common equity: Retained earnings New common stock Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.

10 - 3 Should we focus on before-tax or after-tax capital costs? Stockholders focus 10 - 3 Should we focus on before-tax or after-tax capital costs? Stockholders focus on A-T CFs. Therefore, we should focus on A-T capital costs, i. e. , use A-T costs in WACC. Only kd needs adjustment. Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.

10 - 4 Should we focus on historical (embedded) costs or new (marginal) costs? 10 - 4 Should we focus on historical (embedded) costs or new (marginal) costs? The cost of capital is used primarily to make decisions that involve raising new capital. So, focus on today’s marginal costs (for WACC). Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.

10 - 5 A 15 -year, 12% semiannual bond sells for $1, 153. 72. 10 - 5 A 15 -year, 12% semiannual bond sells for $1, 153. 72. What’s kd? 0 1 i=? 60 30 N OUTPUT 30 . . . -1, 153. 72 INPUTS 2 60 -1153. 72 60 I/YR PV PMT 60 + 1, 000 1000 FV 5. 0% x 2 = kd = 10% Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.

10 - 6 Component Cost of Debt n Interest is tax deductible, so kd 10 - 6 Component Cost of Debt n Interest is tax deductible, so kd AT = kd BT(1 – T) = 10%(1 – 0. 40) = 6%. n Use nominal rate. n Flotation costs small. Ignore. Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.

10 - 7 What’s the cost of preferred stock? Pp = $111. 10; 10%Q; 10 - 7 What’s the cost of preferred stock? Pp = $111. 10; 10%Q; Par = $100. Use this formula: Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.

10 - 8 Picture of Preferred Stock 0 -111. 1 2 2. 50 kp 10 - 8 Picture of Preferred Stock 0 -111. 1 2 2. 50 kp = ? 1 ¥ 2. 50 . . . 2. 50 DQ $2. 50 $111. 10 = k. Per $2. 50 k. Per = = 2. 25%; $111. 10 kp(Nom) = 2. 25%(4) = 9%. Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.

10 - 9 Note: n Preferred dividends are not tax deductible, so no tax 10 - 9 Note: n Preferred dividends are not tax deductible, so no tax adjustment. Just kp. n Nominal kp is used. n Our calculation ignores flotation costs. Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.

10 - 10 Is preferred stock more or less risky to investors than debt? 10 - 10 Is preferred stock more or less risky to investors than debt? n More risky; company not required to pay preferred dividend. n However, firms try to pay preferred dividend. Otherwise, (1) cannot pay common dividend, (2) difficult to raise additional funds, (3) preferred stockholders may gain control of firm. Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.

10 - 11 Why is yield on preferred lower than kd? n Corporations own 10 - 11 Why is yield on preferred lower than kd? n Corporations own most preferred stock, because 70% of preferred dividends are nontaxable to corporations. n Therefore, preferred often has a lower BT yield than the B-T yield on debt. n The A-T yield to an investor, and the A-T cost to the issuer, are higher on preferred than on debt. Consistent with higher risk of preferred. Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.

10 - 12 Example: kp = 9% kd = 10% T = 40% kp, 10 - 12 Example: kp = 9% kd = 10% T = 40% kp, AT = kp – kp (1 – 0. 7)(T) = 9% – 9%(0. 3)(0. 4) = 7. 92%. kd, AT = 10% – 10%(0. 4) = 6. 00%. A-T Risk Premium on Preferred = 1. 92%. Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.

10 - 13 Why is there a cost for retained earnings? n Earnings can 10 - 13 Why is there a cost for retained earnings? n Earnings can be reinvested or paid out as dividends. n Investors could buy other securities, earn a return. n Thus, there is an opportunity cost if earnings are retained. Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.

10 - 14 n Opportunity cost: The return stockholders could earn on alternative investments 10 - 14 n Opportunity cost: The return stockholders could earn on alternative investments of equal risk. n They could buy similar stocks and earn ks, or company could repurchase its own stock and earn ks. So, ks is the cost of retained earnings. Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.

10 - 15 Three ways to determine cost of common equity, ks: 1. CAPM: 10 - 15 Three ways to determine cost of common equity, ks: 1. CAPM: ks = k. RF + (k. M – k. RF)b. 2. DCF: ks = D 1/P 0 + g. 3. Own-Bond-Yield-Plus-Risk Premium: ks = kd + RP. Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.

10 - 16 What’s the cost of common equity based on the CAPM? k. 10 - 16 What’s the cost of common equity based on the CAPM? k. RF = 7%, RPM = 6%, b = 1. 2. ks = k. RF + (k. M – k. RF )b. = 7. 0% + (6. 0%)1. 2 = 14. 2%. Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.

10 - 17 What’s the DCF cost of common equity, ks? Given: D 0 10 - 17 What’s the DCF cost of common equity, ks? Given: D 0 = $4. 19; P 0 = $50; g = 5%. D 1 D 0(1 + g) ks = P + g = +g P 0 0 $4. 19(1. 05) = + 0. 05 $50 = 0. 088 + 0. 05 = 13. 8%. Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.

10 - 18 Suppose the company has been earning 15% on equity (ROE = 10 - 18 Suppose the company has been earning 15% on equity (ROE = 15%) and retaining 35% (dividend payout = 65%), and this situation is expected to continue. What’s the expected future g? Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.

10 - 19 Retention growth rate: g = (1 – Payout)(ROE) = 0. 35(15%) 10 - 19 Retention growth rate: g = (1 – Payout)(ROE) = 0. 35(15%) = 5. 25%. Here (1 – Payout) = Fraction retained. Close to g = 5% given earlier. Think of bank account paying 10% with payout = 100%, payout = 0%, and payout = 50%. What’s g? Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.

10 - 20 Could DCF methodology be applied if g is not constant? n 10 - 20 Could DCF methodology be applied if g is not constant? n YES, nonconstant g stocks are expected to have constant g at some point, generally in 5 to 10 years. n But calculations get complicated. Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.

10 - 21 Find ks using the own-bond-yield-plusrisk-premium method. (kd = 10%, RP = 10 - 21 Find ks using the own-bond-yield-plusrisk-premium method. (kd = 10%, RP = 4%. ) ks = kd + RP = 10. 0% + 4. 0% = 14. 0% n This RP ¹ CAPM RP. n Produces ballpark estimate of ks. Useful check. Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.

10 - 22 What’s a reasonable final estimate of ks? Method Estimate CAPM 14. 10 - 22 What’s a reasonable final estimate of ks? Method Estimate CAPM 14. 2% DCF 13. 8% kd + RP 14. 0% Average Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. 14. 0% All rights reserved.

10 - 23 Why is the cost of retained earnings cheaper than the cost 10 - 23 Why is the cost of retained earnings cheaper than the cost of issuing new common stock? 1. When a company issues new common stock they also have to pay flotation costs to the underwriter. 2. Issuing new common stock may send a negative signal to the capital markets, which may depress stock price. Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.

10 - 24 Two approaches that can be used to account for flotation costs: 10 - 24 Two approaches that can be used to account for flotation costs: n Include the flotation costs as part of the project’s up-front cost. This reduces the project’s estimated return. n Adjust the cost of capital to include flotation costs. This is most commonly done by incorporating flotation costs in the DCF model. Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.

10 - 25 New common, F = 15%: Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. 10 - 25 New common, F = 15%: Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.

10 - 26 Comments about flotation costs: n Flotation costs depend on the risk 10 - 26 Comments about flotation costs: n Flotation costs depend on the risk of the firm and the type of capital being raised. n The flotation costs are highest for common equity. However, since most firms issue equity infrequently, the per-project cost is fairly small. n We will frequently ignore flotation costs when calculating the WACC. Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.

10 - 27 What’s the firm’s WACC (ignoring flotation costs)? WACC = wdkd(1 – 10 - 27 What’s the firm’s WACC (ignoring flotation costs)? WACC = wdkd(1 – T) + wpkp + wcks = 0. 3(10%)(0. 6) + 0. 1(9%) + 0. 6(14%) = 1. 8% + 0. 9% + 8. 4% = 11. 1%. Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.

10 - 28 What factors influence a company’s composite WACC? n Market conditions. n 10 - 28 What factors influence a company’s composite WACC? n Market conditions. n The firm’s capital structure and dividend policy. n The firm’s investment policy. Firms with riskier projects generally have a higher WACC. Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.

10 - 29 WACC Estimates for Some Large U. S. Corporations, Nov. 1999 Company 10 - 29 WACC Estimates for Some Large U. S. Corporations, Nov. 1999 Company Intel General Electric Motorola Coca-Cola Walt Disney AT&T Wal-Mart Exxon H. J. Heinz Bell. South Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. WACC 12. 9% 11. 9 11. 3 11. 2 10. 0 9. 8 8. 5 8. 2 All rights reserved.

10 - 30 Should the company use the composite WACC as the hurdle rate 10 - 30 Should the company use the composite WACC as the hurdle rate for each of its projects? n NO! The composite WACC reflects the risk of an average project undertaken by the firm. Therefore, the WACC only represents the “hurdle rate” for a typical project with average risk. n Different projects have different risks. The project’s WACC should be adjusted to reflect the project’s risk. Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.

10 - 31 Risk and the Cost of Capital Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, 10 - 31 Risk and the Cost of Capital Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.

10 - 32 Divisional Cost of Capital Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All 10 - 32 Divisional Cost of Capital Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.

10 - 33 What are three types of project risk? n Stand-alone risk n 10 - 33 What are three types of project risk? n Stand-alone risk n Corporate risk n Market risk Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.

10 - 34 How is each type of risk used? n Market risk is 10 - 34 How is each type of risk used? n Market risk is theoretically best in most situations. n However, creditors, customers, suppliers, and employees are more affected by corporate risk. n Therefore, corporate risk is also relevant. Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.

10 - 35 What procedures are used to determine the risk-adjusted cost of capital 10 - 35 What procedures are used to determine the risk-adjusted cost of capital for a particular project or division? n Subjective adjustments to the firm’s composite WACC. n Attempt to estimate what the cost of capital would be if the project/division were a stand-alone firm. This requires estimating the project’s beta. Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.

10 - 36 Methods for Estimating a Project’s Beta 1. Pure play. Find several 10 - 36 Methods for Estimating a Project’s Beta 1. Pure play. Find several publicly traded companies exclusively in project’s business. Use average of their betas as proxy for project’s beta. Hard to find such companies. Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.

10 - 37 2. Accounting beta. Run regression between project’s ROA and S&P index 10 - 37 2. Accounting beta. Run regression between project’s ROA and S&P index ROA. Accounting betas are correlated (0. 5 – 0. 6) with market betas. But normally can’t get data on new projects’ ROAs before the capital budgeting decision has been made. Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.

10 - 38 Find the division’s market risk and cost of capital based on 10 - 38 Find the division’s market risk and cost of capital based on the CAPM, given these inputs: n Target debt ratio = 40%. n kd = 12%. n k. RF = 7%. n Tax rate = 40%. n beta. Division = 1. 7. n Market risk premium = 6%. Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.

10 - 39 n Beta = 1. 7, so division has more market risk 10 - 39 n Beta = 1. 7, so division has more market risk than average. n Division’s required return on equity: ks = k. RF + (k. M – k. RF)b. Div. = 7% + (6%)1. 7 = 17. 2%. WACCDiv. = wdkd(1 – T) + wcks = 0. 4(12%)(0. 6) + 0. 6(17. 2%) = 13. 2%. Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.

10 - 40 How does the division’s market risk compare with the firm’s overall 10 - 40 How does the division’s market risk compare with the firm’s overall market risk? n Division WACC = 13. 2% versus company WACC = 11. 1%. n Indicates that the division’s market risk is greater than firm’s average project. n “Typical” projects within this division would be accepted if their returns are above 13. 2%. Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.