1 Principles 2 Theories 3 Theory z 4

1. Principles 2. Theories 3. Theory z 4. Theory Shuskinkuyo 5. theory QWL 6. Quality circle

§ notion of ‘face, ’ a mark of personal dignity and pride § forms the basis of a person’s reputation and social status § Japanese prefer communication as intimate as possible

§ Harmony § People gather to make a decision with a consensus, a venue for exchange of ideas § Fosters sense of teamwork & camaraderie § Long-term relationships are honed § Growing sense of respect

§ Politeness § Avoids potential “negative disequilibrium”

§ Trust § Failure responsibility

Popularized by Dr. William Ouchi § Principles § Tends to promote § Characteristics § Holistic concern American professor and author in the field of business management

§ Main features § Recruited directly § Exchange of commitment § Make sacrifices for the employee § Collective responsibility § Decision Making (System of Ringi-Seido)

ringi-seido 1 ok? ok! sound discussion with the affected sections/ people decision form („ringisho“) proposal fills out Communication

ringi-seido 2 § proposal is forwarded to all relevant sections/ people section x section y. . . § each will make comments on a sheet attached to the back of the proposal Communication

ringi-seido 3 § the decision will be made by top management based on the comments from all people involved in the process § official announcement of the approval Communication

§ Main issues § Payment § Job security § Adequacy of resources § Strategy § Self management § Control activities with the help of team leader § Promotion § Recognition § Health programs § Alternative work schedules

§ Definition § Philosophy § Objectives

• Japanese have high regard for human relationships • People who are employed are seen as able to adapt & possibly inculcate, the values & culture of the organization • Sensitive to the feelings of others • Mutual trust & respect enables companies to retain employees for several years