1 Formal and informal abbreviations Abbreviated words 2

1. Formal and informal abbreviations. Abbreviated words. 2. Acronyms.

Abbreviations

Formal Abbreviations

Latin Abbreviations

Firefighting abbreviations • • • Ctd (close to death) EMD (emergency medical dispatcher) FD (fire department) FF (firefighter) SDO (shift duty officer) RT (rescue team)

Abbreviation pronouncation • Some abbreviations are only written forms, they are always pronounced as the full word. • Mr (Mister) • Dr (Doctor) • St (Saint or street) • Rd (road)

Informal Abbreviations • Some words are normally used in an abbreviated form in informal situations. • TV (or telly) • Ad or advert (advertisement) • Exam (examination) • Plane (airplane)

Abbreviated words • • Bike (bicycle) Fridge (refrigerator) Rep (business representative) Board (blackboard) Lab (laboratory) Case (suitcase) Phone (telephone)

Informal Abbreviations • • • Xx (kisses) CU (see you) CUl 8 r (see you later) ICQ (I seek you) 2 U (to you) 4 U (for you)

Other informal abbreviations • • LOL (laugh out loud) HAND (have a nice day) ASAP (as soon as possible) B 4 (before) D 8 (date) F 8 (fate) PLS (PLZ) (please)

Informal Abbreviations • • • BT (but) & (and) 2 (two, too) B (be) BF (boyfriend) BFF (best friend forever) U (you), UR (your) MU (miss you) HRU (how are you) RUOK (are you OK? )

Acronyms

Acronyms • Laser (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) • Radar (Radio Detecting And Ranging) • Yuppie (['jʌpɪ] ; = Yuppie, = yumpy, = • Esso (Esso UK [, esəujuː'keɪ]) standart oil

Guess • • AM VIP PM BB HB FB Al SC BYO RT, OW(T) E (e-mail, e-ticket) ETA, ETD ATM 4 WD RRP PR

Annotation. Thesis. 1. Annotation 2. Thesis

Annotation (summary, abstract, resumeabstract, precis, synopsis ) • An annotation is a note that is made while reading any form of text. This may be as simple as underlining or highlighting passages. Annotated bibliographies give people a source that is useful to an author in constructing a paper or argument. Creating these comments, usually a few sentences long, establishes a summary for and expresses the relevance of each source prior to writing. The term also has a special meaning in a number of other fields.

Аннотации • Аннотация – это краткая справка о тексте, патенте, книге, научной работе, справочнике с точки зрения содержания. При аннотировании печатный материал излагается в предельно сжатой форме. Это процесс свертывания (сжатия) информации с очень большим уменьшением по отношению к оригиналу. Аннотации бывают описательные, справочные, реферативные, рекомендательные и критические.

Tips on Composing a Summary • • • "Summarizing condenses in your own words the main points in a passage. . Reread the passage, jotting down a few keywords. State the main point in your own words. . Be objective: Don't mix your reactions with the summary. Check your summary against the original, making sure that you use quotation marks around any exact phrases that you borrow. " (Randall Vander. Mey, et al. , The College Writer, Houghton, 2007)

Characteristics of a Summary • • "The purpose of a summary is to give a reader a condensed and objective account of the main ideas and features of a text. Usually, a summary has between one and three paragraphs or one hundred to three hundred words, depending on the length and complexity of the original essay and the intended audience and purpose. Typically, a summary will do the following: Cite the author and title of the text. In some cases, the place of publication or the context for the essay may also be included. Indicate the main ideas of the text. Accurately representing the main ideas (while omitting the less important details) is the major goal of the summary. Use direct quotations of key words, phrases, or sentences. Quote the text directly for a few key ideas; paraphrase the other important ideas (that is, express the ideas in your own words. ) Include author tags. ("According to Ehrenreich" or "as Ehrenreich explains") to remind the reader that you are summarizing the author and the text, not giving your own ideas. . Avoid summarizing specific examples or data unless they help illustrate thesis or main idea of the text. Report the main ideas as objectively as possible. . Do not include your reactions; save them for your response. (Stephen Reid, The Prentice Hall Guide for Writers, 2003)

Example of an annotation • • Ivanov I. I. Psychological readiness formation of future psychologists in MOE to provide emergency assistance. - Manuscript. Dissertation for the degree of psychological sciences, specialty 19. 00. 09 - "Psychology of special circumstances. " NUCD in Ukraine. - Kharkiv, 2013. The thesis is devoted to theoretical and experimental study of the psychological readiness formation of psychologists in MOE to provide emergency assistance. The study and the analysis of theoretical and practical approaches allowed to state the model of the psychologist practice which consists of three vectors: a vector of vocational education, a vector of self-knowledge and personal development psychologist practices and a vector of interaction with native knowledge and experience in the field of psychological practice. Integrated Programme for the Development of psychological readiness of future psychologists in MOE to provide emergency psychological assistance to the affected population showed its relatively high efficiency and reliability in the application in terms of training students in universities. It is proved that effective integrated use of psychological technologies such as: professional simulation; positional processing of schemes and playing games work. The use of psychomeans and methods of training preparation: discursive, gaming and psyhogymnastic exercises showed high efficiency. Keywords: psychologist, victim, psychological readiness, psychological assistance, emergency.

Thesis • The main idea of an essay, report, speech, or research paper, sometimes written as a single declarative sentence known as a thesis statement. A thesis may be implied rather than stated directly. Plural: theses.

A Good Thesis • - "A good thesis tells the audience exactly what you want them to know, understand, and remember when your speech is done. Write it as a simple, declarative sentence (or two) that restates the speech purpose and states the main points that support the purpose. Although you may formulate a thesis statement early in the speech development process, you may revise and reword it as you research your topic. ' (Sherwyn P. Morreale, Brian H. Spitzberg, and J. Kevin Barge, Human Communication: Motivation, Knowledge, and Skills, 2 nd ed. Thomson Higher Education, 2007)

The Purpose of the Thesis Statement • The purpose of thesis is to give order both to the reader and to the writer. It does this by clearly stating the central claim that a piece of writing will try to prove. The writer takes care in thesis statement to articulate a paper's argument as precisely as possible, and this precision clarifies and focuses the direction of the paper. Most of the time, a writer must work with a dynamic thesis statement--one that changes and evolves during the writing process. In other words, a working thesis statement that articulates what a writer is interested in exploring will be enough to guide a writer through a draft of the essay, but the exact words for thesis statement are not finalized until the paper is nearly complete.

• A strong thesis statement both names the topic and reveals the writer's opinion about that topic. It should be clear and specific. A thesis statement can also list the supporting ideas, but sometimes these are written in a separate sentence.

Тезис • ТЕ ЗИС [греч. thesis]. обычно мн. • Положение, кратко излагающее какую-нибудь идею, а также одну из основных мыслей лекции, доклада, научного сочинения.