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Definition Division of labour (or specialisation專門化) takes place when a worker specialises專門in producing a good or a part部分of a good. 2
Types of division of labour § Simple簡單division of labour A person specialises in producing a particular一類product or service. 3
Examples Doctor 醫生 Mechanic 技 Farmer 農夫 Cashier 收銀員 4
Types of division of labour § Simple division of labour § Complex複雜division of labour A person specialises in a sub-process過程 中的其中一個環節of the production of a good. 5
Example: Building建築a house Designing 設計 6
Example: Building a house Designing Monitoring監督 7
Example: Building a house Designing Monitoring Transporting運輸 8
Example: Building a house Designing Monitoring Transporting Constructing建築 9
Example: Building a house Designing Monitoring Transporting Constructing Decorating裝修 10
Example: Building a house Designing Monitoring Transporting Constructing Decorating 11
Types of division of labour § Simple division of labour § Complex division of labour § Regional地區or international國際division of labour: Different不同countries國家or regions specialise in the production of different products according按to the resources that they have. 12
Examples U. S. A. 美 國 specialises in the production of computers. 13
Examples Japan日本specialises in the production of hi-tech高科 技products. 14
Examples Malaysia馬來西亞specialises in the production of rubber橡膠. 15
Examples Brazil巴西specialises in the production of coffee. 16
Advantages益處of division of labour P. 141 1. Raising提高labour勞 productivity more output is produced from the same 同等quantity數量of labour l the same output is produced with less labour l 17
Advantages of division of labour § Raising labour productivity P. 142 How? a. choosing the most suitable person for the job各展所長 b. practice makes perfect熟能生巧 c. saving節省time in training訓練 d. saving time in moving around轉換 operation崗位 f. mechanisation機械化 18
Advantages of division of labour P. 144 2. Saving resources from the production of capital goods With division of labour, workers need not不需be equipped配備with the whole全set套of capital tools 具. 19
Advantages of division of labour Example: before之前division of labour Each每位worker has to be equipped with the whole set of capital tools. 20
Advantages of division of labour Example: With division of labour Each worker only needs one piece件of tool. 21
Advantages of division of labour P. 145 3. Raising living生活standards質素 (with exchange) Division of labour enables a larger volume 數量and a wider choice of goods and services to be produced. 22
Guided Essay Practice Name this! Saving time in moving around operation Guided MCQ Practice 23
P. 145 Defects/Disadvantages弊 處of division of labour 1. Work becomes變得dull沉悶and monotonous單調 Workers lose interest & so their productivity 生產力may drop下降. 24
Disadvantages of division of labour 2. Greater degree程度of interdependence 互相影響 Disruption in one production stage (or industry or country) results in stoppage of work in other其他 production stages程序 (or industries or 25 countries).
Disadvantages of division of labour P. 146 3. Greater risk風險of unemployment失業 It is often difficult難for a worker trained受訓練in one job to change over to another job. 26
Disadvantages of division of labour P. 147 4. Decline沒落in the quality質素of craftsmanship手 藝 27
Disadvantages of division of labour 4. Decline in the quality of craftsmanship With division of labour, mass大規模production methods are commonly used一般採取in modern現代factories. Fewer越來越少people will know all the processes in the production of hand-made手作 goods. The overall普遍quality of craftsmanship will fall. 28
Disadvantages of division of labour § Excessive過分standardization標準化of products 29
Disadvantages of division of labour § Excessive standardization of products With specialisation and mechanization, products are highly高度standardized. They may not suit滿足the tastes口味for all customers 顧客. 30
Name this disadvantage! § Greater degree of interdependence 31
Name this disadvantage! § Greater risk風險of unemployment失業 我有三十年檢 字粒經驗。 可是，現在出版 社已經電腦化。 32
P. 148 Limits限制of the extent 程度of division of labour 1. Size大小of the market When the market size is small, division of labour can be practiced only to a limited 有限extent. 33
Limits of the extent of division of labour 2. Nature性質of the good The scope for division of labour is limited for production that requires要求highly高度 specialised專業skills技能, e. g. , painting. 34
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