1 Cellular Respiration copyright cmassengale 2 Cellular Respiration

1 Cellular Respiration copyright cmassengale

2 Cellular Respiration A catabolic, exergonic, oxygen (O2) requiring process that uses energy extracted from macromolecules (glucose) to produce energy (ATP) and water (H2O). C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + energy copyright cmassengale

3 Question: In what kinds organisms does cellular respiration take place? copyright cmassengale

4 Plants and Animals Plants - Autotrophs: self-producers. Animals - Heterotrophs: consumers. copyright cmassengale

5 Mitochondria Organelle where cellular respiration takes place. copyright cmassengale

6 Redox Reaction Transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another. Two types: 1. Oxidation 2. Reduction copyright cmassengale

7 Oxidation Reaction The loss of electrons from a substance. Or the gain of oxygen. C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy copyright cmassengale

8 Reduction Reaction The gain of electrons to a substance. Or the loss of oxygen. copyright cmassengale

9 Breakdown of Cellular Respiration Four main parts (reactions). 1. Glycolysis (splitting of sugar) a. cytosol, just outside of mitochondria. 2. Grooming Phase a. migration from cytosol to matrix. copyright cmassengale

10 Breakdown of Cellular Respiration 3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) a. mitochondrial matrix 4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylation a. Also called Chemiosmosis b. inner mitochondrial membrane. copyright cmassengale

11 1. Glycolysis Occurs in the cytosol just outside of mitochondria. Two phases (10 steps): A. Energy investment phase a. Preparatory phase (first 5 steps). B. Energy yielding phase a. Energy payoff phase (second 5 steps). copyright cmassengale

12 1. Glycolysis A. Energy Investment Phase: copyright cmassengale

13 1. Glycolysis B. Energy Yielding Phase copyright cmassengale

14 1. Glycolysis Total Net Yield 2 - 3C-Pyruvate (PYR) 2 - ATP (Substrate-level Phosphorylation) 2 - NADH copyright cmassengale

15 Substrate-Level Phosphorylation ATP is formed when an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP. Example: PEP to PYR copyright cmassengale

16 Fermentation Occurs in cytosol when “NO Oxygen” is present (called anaerobic). Remember: glycolysis is part of fermentation. Two Types: 1. Alcohol Fermentation 2. Lactic Acid Fermentation copyright cmassengale

17 Alcohol Fermentation Plants and Fungi  beer and wine copyright cmassengale

18 Alcohol Fermentation End Products: Alcohol fermentation 2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) 2 - CO2 2 - Ethanol’s copyright cmassengale

19 Lactic Acid Fermentation Animals (pain in muscle after a workout). copyright cmassengale

20 Lactic Acid Fermentation End Products: Lactic acid fermentation 2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) 2 - Lactic Acids copyright cmassengale

21 2. Grooming Phase Occurs when Oxygen is present (aerobic). 2 Pyruvate (3C) molecules are transported through the mitochondria membrane to the matrix and is converted to 2 Acetyl CoA (2C) molecules. copyright cmassengale

22 2. Grooming Phase End Products: grooming phase 2 - NADH 2 - CO2 2- Acetyl CoA (2C) copyright cmassengale

23 3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) Location: mitochondrial matrix. Acetyl CoA (2C) bonds to Oxalacetic acid (4C - OAA) to make Citrate (6C). It takes 2 turns of the krebs cycle to oxidize 1 glucose molecule. copyright cmassengale

24 3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) copyright cmassengale

25 3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) copyright cmassengale

26 3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) Total net yield (2 turns of krebs cycle) 1. 2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) 2. 6 - NADH 3. 2 - FADH2 4. 4 - CO2 copyright cmassengale

27 4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylation (Chemiosmosis) Location: inner mitochondrial membrane. Uses ETC (cytochrome proteins) and ATP Synthase (enzyme) to make ATP. ETC pumps H+ (protons) across innermembrane (lowers pH in innermembrane space). copyright cmassengale

28 4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylation (Chemiosmosis) The H+ then move via diffusion (Proton Motive Force) through ATP Synthase to make ATP. All NADH and FADH2 converted to ATP during this stage of cellular respiration. Each NADH converts to 3 ATP. Each FADH2 converts to 2 ATP (enters the ETC at a lower level than NADH). copyright cmassengale

29 4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylation (Chemiosmosis) copyright cmassengale

30 4. ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation (Chemiosmosis for NADH) copyright cmassengale

31 4. ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation (Chemiosmosis for FADH2) copyright cmassengale

32 TOTAL ATP YIELD 1. 04 ATP - substrate-level phosphorylation 2. 34 ATP - ETC & oxidative phosphorylation 38 ATP - TOTAL YIELD copyright cmassengale

33 Eukaryotes (Have Membranes) Total ATP Yield 02 ATP - glycolysis (substrate-level phosphorylation) 04 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - glycolysis 06 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - grooming phase 02 ATP - Krebs cycle (substrate-level phosphorylation) 18 ATP - converted from 6 NADH - Krebs cycle 04 ATP - converted from 2 FADH2 - Krebs cycle 36 ATP - TOTAL copyright cmassengale

34 Maximum ATP Yield for Cellular Respiration (Eukaryotes) 36 ATP (maximum per glucose) copyright cmassengale

35 Prokaryotes (Lack Membranes) Total ATP Yield 02 ATP - glycolysis (substrate-level phosphorylation) 06 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - glycolysis 06 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - grooming phase 02 ATP - Krebs cycle (substrate-level phosphorylation) 18 ATP - converted from 6 NADH - Krebs cycle 04 ATP - converted from 2 FADH2 - Krebs cycle 38 ATP - TOTAL copyright cmassengale

36 Question: In addition to glucose, what other various food molecules are use in Cellular Respiration? copyright cmassengale

37 Catabolism of Various Food Molecules Other organic molecules used for fuel. 1. Carbohydrates: polysaccharides 2. Fats: glycerol’s and fatty acids 3. Proteins: amino acids copyright cmassengale

38 copyright cmassengale