1 Analysis of Electrification of Remote Villages in

1 Analysis of Electrification of Remote Villages in Palestine by using: PV system, Diesel, or Extension Electrical Network Prepared by : Ayman Shtayah Qais Samarah Supervisor : Dr. Imad Ibrik

2 Background Palestine suffers from: • A non-secure electrical network • Palestinian Authority (PA) does not have any independence network in the West Bank • The electrical loads are increased, but the grid does not expand

3 Background • Palestine has a high solar radiation (Gr) and peak sunshine hours (PSH) amounts to about 3000 h and this is enough to produce solar energy in a sustainable way. • Availability of a large number of rural villages isolated from the electric grid. • High fuel cost in Palestine.

4 Primary Purposes • Economics comparison among photovoltaic system (PV), diesel generator (DG), hybrid PV-DG, and expansion electrical network

5 Secondary Purposes • Trial to feed more areas of electricity. • Reduce the phenomenon of immigration from rural areas to cities & congestion in cities. • Reduce the pollution of the atmosphere from diesel generators & product CO 2.

6 Scope (PV alone system) • It usually consists of: PV array, charge battery controller, inverter, and lead acid battery.

7 Scope (DG alone systems) • DG are widely used sources for remote off-grid areas mainly due to their low capital costs. • It needs regular maintenance, fuel, filters, oils, . . etc. and employee

8 Scope (Hybrid PV-DG systems -Series ) • • it combines between PV & DG to make stable systems, because DG cover the reduction in energy of battery We add controller rectifier to convert AC to DC

9 Scope (Expansion electrical network ) • It requires many as: conductors, insulators, towers, truss, transformer, switch gears, … etc. • It is more stable, but it is rarely existing on remote village

10 Studying Load (Froosh Beit Dajan) • located at east of Nablus 40 km • their population about 769 inhabitants in 100 houses • . It suffers from preventive, confiscation of lands and water • no electrical network despite of IEC pass through it. • The nearest point of medium voltage 33 KV return to PA far 6 km at Aien Sheply village.

11 Main loads existing in Froosh Biet Dajan • Residential loads: it distributed to centralized & decentralized • Telecommunication tower loads (Jawwal tower): it distributed to AC, AC/DC and DC. • Water Pumping loads: it has 5 main pumps but we chose Ibasi pump only.

12 Daily load curve 14000 300 12000 250 10000 house Pmax (w) 150 street lighting masjid Pmax (w) 200 8000 Abbas 6000 Shaka municipality 100 school 4000 50 2000 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 222324 hours Decentralized 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 2324 hours centralized

13 Pmax & daily energy § After Studying the loads , we can get: residential SL house school Masjid Municipality Abbas Area Shaka Area Pmax (w) 100 192 300 100 60 11520 5760 E (kwh/day) 1 1. 297 0. 194 0. 108 99. 57 48. 94 tower Pmax (kw) E (kwh/d) PAC 6. 42 187. 32 PAC/DC 5. 26 148. 29 PDC 4. 96 142. 64 § we get E after dividing the energy by ηTL = 94% Pump H (m) V (m 3/day) Eh (kwh/d) Ibasi 110 877. 5 276. 18

14 The Sizing of the systems- PV: residential & tower • PV generator, storage battery, controller, inverter: • we applied 4 Gr at 4 tilted angle (0, 20, 32, 45) • ηv= 92%, ηc = 95%, ηB = 85% , Ad= 1. 5 , DOD= 75%

15 The Sizing of the systems- PV: residential & tower • On tower we applied the min month Gr to keep the loads operating all times • Because the land of the tower is rented (not personal ) we add the size of land • a = area for 1 kwp=7. 055 m 2

16 The Sizing of the systems- PV: water pumping • PV generator, square inverter, induction motor • we applied average Gr from May to October (when pump operating) • ηv= 92%, ηm = 90%, V = m 3/day , TDH= 1. 05*H , η p= 95% • We take percentages of Eh when we applying equations

17 The Sizing of the systems-existing DG: residential Ibasi pump area KVA h/d ld/h ld/d ld/y h/y percentage DHP (hp) ld/y Abbas 66 4 16 64 23360 1460 10% 7 2, 106 Shaka 33 4 7 28 10220 1460 20% 14 4, 212 40% 28 8, 424 60% 42 12, 636 tower KVA h/d ld/h ld/d ld/y h/y 80% 56 16, 848 18 12 4 48 17520 4380 90% 63 18, 954 18 12 4 48 17520 4380 100% 70 21, 060

18 The Sizing of the systems- hybrid: residential & tower • PV generator, storage battery, controller, inverter: is the same size of PV alone. • in tower we used average Gr because the DG get more stability of the system. • We used Ad= 1 day • Size of : DG rectifier

19 The Sizing of the systems- hybrid: residential & tower • To calculate the consumption of diesel and operating hour per year of DG, we must determine the percent that DG covered as follows: Month 1 2 3 4 10 11 12 0 0. 46 0. 37 0. 14 0 0. 06 0. 32 0. 49 20 0. 341 0. 3 0. 107 0 0 0. 16 0. 353 32 0. 27 0. 26 0. 09 0 0 0. 073 0. 28 45 0. 21 0. 06 0. 02 0 0 0. 19 tilt

20 The Sizing of the systems- hybrid: water pumping • the diesel pumping used to compensate the percentage of Eh covered by PV. That means we cover 100% of Eh by two systems: PV and diesel, so we used two pumps for each. • e. g. : when the percentage of PV is 10% then the percentage of diesel is 90%

21 The Sizing of the systems-Expansion electrical network • When electrical network will be expanded, all loads in the village will be benefited from it.

22 The Sizing of the systems-Expansion electrical network conductor length V (KV) Ac (mm) number Ac of earth A B 6000 33 50 3 phase 35 B C 2000 0. 4 150 4 phase + 1 nutral 50 B D 2000 0. 4 50 5 phase + 1 nutral 35 B E 600 0. 4 50 6 phase + 1 nutral 35

23 Economical study 1. Normal case applied without any considerations of existing DG in the village 1. Replacement case The existing DG enters economical study as salvage value , subtract from present cost 1. Continuing case DG existing now work on hybrid system , no fixed cost of DG

24 Results PV alone: System normal Centralized replacement normal Abbas Decentralized replacement normal Centralized replacement normal Shaka Decentralized replacement 0 0. 759 0. 739 0. 710 0. 691 0. 760 0. 727 0. 710 0. 678 20 0. 727 0. 707 0. 681 0. 661 0. 728 0. 695 0. 681 0. 648 32 0. 727 0. 707 0. 681 0. 661 0. 728 0. 695 0. 681 0. 648 45 0. 742 0. 722 0. 695 0. 675 0. 743 0. 711 0. 695 0. 663

25 Results PV alone: 0 normal replacement AC AC/DC DC 10% 20% 40% 60% 80% 90% 100% 1. 326 1. 310 1. 406 1. 385 1. 222 1. 201 0. 734 0. 731 0. 727 0. 739 0. 726 0. 728 0. 723 20 32 1. 054 1. 038 1. 116 1. 096 0. 971 0. 950 0. 721 0. 714 0. 726 0. 713 0. 715 0. 710 0. 977 0. 960 1. 034 1. 013 0. 900 0. 879 0. 747 0. 743 0. 740 0. 752 0. 738 0. 741 0. 736 45 0. 946 0. 930 1. 002 0. 981 0. 873 0. 851 0. 806 0. 803 0. 799 0. 812 0. 798 0. 800 0. 795

26 Results DG alone: Abbas Shaka Tower 10% 20% 40% 60% 80% 90% Pump 100% 0. 865 0. 916 0. 800 0. 933 0. 726 0. 621 0. 598 0. 565 0. 566 0. 556

27 comparison of $/kwh for Ibasi pump DG alone & PV alone at different percentage of Eh 1 0. 9 0. 8 0. 7 $/kwh 0. 6 tilt= 0 0. 5 tilt= 20 tilt= 32 0. 4 tilt= 45 0. 3 diesel 0. 2 0. 1 0 0% 20% 40% 60% Eh Percentage 80% 100% 120%

28 Results hybrid: Abbas Shaka normal replacement continuing 0 0. 828 0. 808 0. 815 0. 899 0. 867 0. 859 20 0. 769 0. 750 0. 755 0. 837 0. 804 0. 798 32 0. 751 0. 738 0. 817 0. 785 0. 780 45 0. 755 0. 735 0. 743 0. 822 0. 789 0. 785 10%PV + 90% diesel 20%PV + 80% diesel 40%PV + 60% diesel 60%PV + 40% diesel 80%PV + 20% diesel 90%PV + Pump 10% diesel 0. 583 0. 582 0. 584 0. 590 0. 598 0. 596 0. 601 0. 613 0. 650 0. 645 0. 655 0. 679 0. 691 0. 683 0. 699 0. 735 0. 726 0. 716 0. 736 0. 783 0. 749 0. 737 0. 76 0. 813

29 Results hybrid: 0 normal replacement AC 20 32 0. 898 0. 826 0. 805 45 0. 813 0. 882 0. 810 0. 789 0. 804 0. 963 0. 886 0. 865 0. 873 0. 943 0. 866 0. 843 0. 851 continuing 0. 879 0. 805 0. 784 0. 791 normal 0. 861 0. 791 0. 770 0. 777 replacement DC 0. 798 replacement Tower 0. 883 0. 810 0. 789 normal AC/DC continuing 0. 840 0. 770 0. 749 0. 755 continuing 0. 839 0. 771 0. 750 0. 757

30 Results of extension network: normal 0. 346 replacement 0. 333

31 Conclusion • The most economical alternative to electrify the village is extension electrical network, but we know that is prevented since 1967. • The most economical alternative to electrify the residential is the PV decentralized system at tilt 20 or 32 • The second economical alternative to electrify the residential is the hybrid system at tilt angle= 32, and it is more than reliable PV

32 Conclusion • The most economical alternative to electrify the tower is the hybrid with DC system at tilt 32, and it more than reliable PV • The second economical alternative to electrify the tower is the existing DG (it is more economical than PV) • The most economical alternative to electrify the pump is the diesel water pumping as existing now.