1 A Two-Party Stalemate Two-Party Balance

1. A Two-Party Stalemate

Two-Party “Balance”

2. Intense Voter Loyalty to the Two Major Political Parties

Gilded Age Politics • High Voter Participation— Why? • (1) People believed that the issues were important • (2) People believed that their votes counted • (3) Politics = Entertainment

3. Well-Defined Voting Blocs Democratic Bloc « White southerners (preservation of white supremacy) « Catholics « Recent immigrants (esp. Jews) « Urban working poor (pro-labor) « Most farmers Republican Bloc « Northern whites (pro-business) « African Americans « Northern Protestants « Old WASPs (support for anti-immigrant laws) « Most of the middle class

4. Very Laissez Faire Federal Govt. « From 1870 -1900 Govt. did very little domestically. « Main duties of the federal govt. : Ø Deliver the mail. Ø Maintain a national military. Ø Collect taxes & tariffs. Ø Conduct a foreign policy. « Exception administer the annual Civil War veterans’ pension.

5. The Presidency as a Symbolic Office « Party bosses ruled. « Presidents should avoid offending any factions within their own party. « The President just doled out federal jobs. Senator Roscoe Conkling Ø 1865 53, 000 people worked for the federal govt. Ø 1890 166, 000 “ “ “

1880 Presidential Election: Republicans Half Breeds Stalwarts Sen. James G. Blaine (Maine) compromise James A. Garfield Sen. Roscoe Conkling (New York) Chester A. Arthur (VP)

1880 Presidential Election: Democrats

Inspecting the Democratic Curiosity Shop

1880 Presidential Election

1881: Garfield Assassinated! Charles Guiteau: I Am a Stalwart, and Arthur is President now!

Pendleton Act (1883) « Civil Service Act. « The “Magna Carta” of civil service reform. « 1883 14, 000 out of 117, 000 federal govt. jobs became civil service exam positions. « 1900 100, 000 out of 200, 000 civil service federal govt. jobs.

Gilded Age Politics • Protectionism • Arthur appointed a special Tariff Commission (1882) • Recommended lowering the tariff 20 -25% • “Riders” • Mongrel Tariff (1883)

Gilded Age Politics • The Underwood Tariff (1913) • Income Taxes (XVI Amendment 1913) • Currency • debtors vs. creditors

Gilded Age Politics • Legal Tender— US can require creditors to accept its paper money as payment for debt. • Greenbacks • $450, 000

Republican “Mugwumps” « Reformers who wouldn’t re-nominate Chester A. Arthur. « Reform to them create a disinterested, impartial govt. run by an educated elite like themselves. « Social Darwinists. « Laissez faire government to them: Ø Favoritism & the spoils system seen as govt. intervention in society. Ø Their target was political corruption, not social or economic reform!

The Mugwumps Men may come and men may go, but the work of reform shall go on forever. « Will support Cleveland in the 1884 election.

1884 Presidential Election Grover Cleveland * (DEM) James Blaine (REP)

A Dirty Campaign Ma, Ma…where’s my pa? He’s going to the White House, ha… ha…!

Little Lost Mugwump Blaine in 1884

Rum, Romanism & Rebellion! « Led a delegation of ministers to Blaine in NYC. « Reference to the Democratic Party. « Blaine was slow to repudiate the remark. Dr. Samuel Burchard « Narrow victory for Cleveland [he wins NY by only 1149 votes!].

1884 Presidential Election

Cleveland’s First Term « The “Veto Governor” from New York. « First Democratic elected since 1856. « A public office is a public trust! « His laissez-faire presidency: Ø Opposed bills to assist the poor as well as the rich. Ø Vetoed over 200 special pension bills for Civil War veterans!

Bravo, Señor Clevelando!

The Tariff Issue « After the Civil War, Congress raised tariffs to protect new US industries. « Big business wanted to continue this; consumers did not. « 1885 tariffs earned the US $100 mil. in surplus! « Mugwumps opposed it WHY? ? ? « President Cleveland’s view on tariffs? ? « Tariffs became a major issue in the 1888 presidential election.

Filing the Rough Edges Tariff of 1888

1888 Presidential Election Grover Cleveland (DEM) Benjamin Harrison * (REP)

Coming Out for Harrison

The Smallest Specimen Yet

1888 Presidential Election

Disposing the Surplus

Changing Public Opinion « Americans wanted the federal govt. to deal with growing soc. & eco. problems & to curb the power of the trusts: Ø Interstate Commerce Act – 1887 Ø Sherman Antitrust Act – 1890 Ø Mc. Kinley Tariff – 1890 § Based on theory that prosperity flowed directly from protectionism. § Increased already high rates another 4%! Ø Rep. Party suffered big losses in 1890 (even Mc. Kinley lost his House seat!).

1892 Presidential Election Grover Cleveland again! * (DEM) Benjamin Harrison (REP)

1892 Presidential Election

Cleveland Loses Support Fast! « The only President to serve two nonconsecutive terms. « Blamed for the 1893 Panic. « Defended the gold standard. « Used federal troops in the 1894 Pullman strike. « Refused to sign the Wilson-Gorman Tariff of 1894. « Repealed the Sherman Silver Purchase Act.

The Metropolitan Opera House In New York, the opera, theatre, and lavish parties consumed the ruling class' leisure hours. Mrs. Stuyvesant Fish once threw a dinner party to honor her dog who arrived sporting a $15, 000 diamond collar.

The Vanderbilt Chateau While the rich wore diamonds, many wore rags. In 1890, 11 million of the nation's 12 million families earned less than $1200 per year; of this group, the average annual income was $380, well below the poverty line.

John Jacob Astor Residence, 1897 Violent strikes and riots wracked the nation through the turn of the century.

For immediate relief, the urban poor often turned to political machines. During the first years of the Gilded Age, Boss Tweed's Tammany Hall provided more services to the poor than any city government before it, although far more money went into Tweed's own pocket.

Corruption extended to the highest levels of government. During Ulysses S. Grant's presidency, the president and his cabinet were implicated in the Credit Mobilier, the Gold Conspiracy, the Whiskey Ring, and the notorious Salary Grab.

The frustrations of Gilded Age workers transformed the labor movement into a vigorous, if often violent, force. Workers saw men like Andrew Carnegie getting fabulously rich, and raged at being left behind. Andrew Carnegie's private study

They saw John D. Rockefeller as one of the wealthy controlling the country

With their own labor the only available bargaining chip, workers frequently went on strike. The 1880's witnessed almost ten thousand strikes and lockouts; close to 700, 000 workers struck in 1886 alone.

The results were often explosive-none more than the Great Railroad Strike of 1877. When the B&O Railroad cut wages, workers staged spontaneous strikes, which spread nationwide.

When George Pullman slashed wages and hiked rents in his company town, a national strike and boycott was called on all railways carrying Pullman cars. Railroad traffic ground to a halt as 260, 000 workers struck, and battles with state and federal troops broke out in 26 states. The strike ultimately failed, its leaders imprisoned and many strikers blacklisted.

Meanwhile, the wealthy factory and business owners enjoyed their luxury “cottages” for the few weeks of summer in Newport

The workers lived in a little less luxurious circumstances.

The doctrine of Social Darwinism didn’t increase the sympathy of people with wealth for the less fortunate.

Herbert Spencer coined the phrase “survival of the fittest”. To Spencer, human society should be modeled on nature. Humans should never interfere with the selection of the fittest humans for survival to the next generation.

Handouts to the poor, state schooling, and systematized health care were considered dangerous by Spencer, they could only help the weak survive, thereby damaging the “purity” of the rest of the human race. New York Foundling Hospital, 1899– 1900

Although Darwinists might disagree Misconception: “Evolution supports the idea that ‘might makes right’ and rationalizes the oppression of some people by others. ”