1 3 Resource Flows Lo From where do

1. 3 Resource Flows Lo From where do resources come, and where do they end up? op Loop versu s Linear flow e resourc ow grasp h d, and to : to jective manipulate g ob nalysin e. arning eated and Le of a pos e cr ethods ith m ws ar s they e flo rw familia d the challeng e becom flows an e resourc Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden

Features of present policies and practices – and an anticipated paradigm shift • Prime fertile soils converted to town areas • Reduced recycling of organic material • Less urban agriculture, etc. More linear flows while we instead need more short loops for substances J-O Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden

What comes in …… Water 20 -200 kg/p/day Food 1 -2 kg/p/day household Energy Consumer goods > 1 kg/p/day 1 - ? kg/p/day Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden

… must go out Urine 1. 5 -3 kg/d/p 0. 3 kg/d/p pollutants Greywater 20 -200 kg/p/day Faeces household Solid waste 1 - ? kg/d/p Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden

The trick is to bend today´s many linear resource flows • Solid waste is the most visible output. It may be discarded or sorted and recycled. Scavengers perform an important service • Faecal matter is very small in volume, but is a major health threat unless treated and used wisely • Urine (urine) volumes are small. Bad odour may be a problem unless urine is returned to the soil • Greywater is voluminous and a major challenge in dense areas but can be a useful product if handled well • Stormwater may be a serious problem but harvesting it can augment household and irrigation water supplies • Energy is invisible but heat may be recovered Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden

Water and nutrient ’kretslopp’ food Rural home City with linear flows Wastewater = (greywater, urine, and faeces) food Wastewater cals i chem WWTP Leaking pipes Sorting city J-O Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden

Three examples of ’kretslopp’ thinking Fraction: In Stockholm Solid ‘waste’ sorted in 8 fractions, Provides collected and reused Organic ‘waste’ Faecal matter Urine (urine) Greywater Stormwater In Kimberley No sorting, burnt in situ, the rest to landfill heating/energy organics composted Provides hygientogether with soil conditioner ised dry faecal material In Kampala No sorting, collected and put on landfills banana peels etc to animal feed Soil conditioner driedconditioner Soil and composted dried and composted Soil conditioner collected and trucked to. Liquid fertiliser farm used in situ or by Liquid fertiliser truck to council gardens in situ or collected in situ after Irrigation water biological treatment Greywater to pond after biological treatment, and rainwater to the same pond. Little rain. Infiltrated in situ and to drains and biogas infiltration (no heavy Groundwater rains) recharge Liquid fertiliser In drains but flooding due to heavy rains Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden

Where do we go from here? S u s t a i n a b i l i t y - protecting & promoting human health, - not contributing to environmental degradation or depletion of resource base, Solid - being technically and institutionally appropriate, waste economically viable and socially acceptable Interpretation of the ’waste hierarchy’ NEW! Reduce generation and polluting content in goods Reuse/recycle Incinerate Land fill Sludge Liquid waste Reuse/recycle Polluting discharges Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden

Material Flow Analysis for human settlements MFA uses the principle of mass balance: input = output + accumulated stock in the system and provides a systematic description of the flow of goods, materials or substances through various processes and out of the system. output Process 1 input Process 3 Process 2 output Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden

A resource flow model for a hamlet 10 Courtesy of Jenny Aragundy, Ecuador

The Stockholm model to improve sustainability 11 Courtesy of Stockholm Water Company

Modelling the situation (MFA) • Select the material, product or chemical you are interested in • Decide the boundaries of your system (dashed line) • Include all the flows, uses, losses and disposals • Find estimates for flows and stocks agriculture livestock all food consumption urine faeces waste handling deposit/ landfill 4 STEPS in modelling: hydrosphere Description of the system (2) Formulation of model equations, (3) Calibration, and (4) Simulation incl. sensitivity and uncertainty analysis (1) Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden

Actual reuse of nutrients from urban households in agriculture Example 1: Proportion being reused 100% Glass, tins, ceramics Heavy metals 50% waste pits +urine diversion +WC 1910 1870 only WC 1950 +WWTP stop 2000 Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden

Ex. 1 cont. : Examples of ranges for parameters Neset and Drangert, 2010

Ex. 1 con´t Sensitivity analysis Phosphorus reuse and phosphorus losses 1870 -2000 The filled curves represent calculated averages, while coloured areas between the dotted curves indicate uncertainty ranges due to estimated input data (in kg phosphorus per capita per year) Source: Neset and Drangert, 2010

Example 2: Eutrophication of Lake Dianchi, China Production Consumption P of T % 385 tonnes 45 55% of TP 33 tonnes riv er Farmland P leakage do w ns tr Kunming city ea m Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden

Ex. 2 Con't Urban P flow to Dianchi Lake, China Dianchi roof runoff street runoff denitrification runoff industrial discharge separate storm water drainage storm sewer wrong connection bath sludge kitchen laundry HH urine flush comb. sewer WWTP CSO tank faeces flush infiltration incl. river water treated wastewater overflow out of CSO tank overflow out of combined sewer exfiltration Source: Huang et al. , 2007

Ex 2 Con't Outcome to guide a new strategy 1. A major problem is that during heavy rains the wastewater bypasses the WWTP and washes all wastewater straight Do not mix waste streams into the lake. 2. Groundwater and stormwater enter the poor-quality sewers and make up a large portion of the water coming to the WWTP Infiltrate rainwater locally 3. Even with the best available treatment technology (BAT with 98% P removal etc. ) the discharge would still be twice what the lake can accommodate. Source separate urine 4. Source-control measures such as urine-diversion toilets and P-free detergents and body care products are required to avoid discharging untreated wastewater downstream the lake and, thus, just moving the environmental problems. Source: adjusted from Huang et al. , 2007

Example 3 : P flows through Hanoi City Source: Montangero et al. , 2004

Ex. 3 con't Phosphorus flows in Hanoi City Organic waste collection Water supply Households On-site sanitation Sewerage & drainage Market Agriculture Landfill Composting Courtesy of Agnes Montangero, 2007

Ex. 3 con't: 2007 (3 M) Feeding the people of Hanoi - a sensitivity analysis Business No septic as usual tanks No-meat diet 2015 (5 M residents) Source: Montangero et al. , 2007

Nutrients and food securitya simplified global mass balance Example 4: Source: Clift and Shaw 2011, based on Cordell and others

Ex 4 con't Securing a sustainable phosphorus future The future is not all dark!

Strategies for sanitation improvements Principle: • Organic ≠ other solid waste • Stormwater ≠ sewage • Industrial ≠ household wastewater • Black toilet water ≠ greywater • Faeces ≠ urine Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden