1 2 3 4 5 8 7 6 9
Mapping the British Isles • • • R-Dropping H-Dropping FOOT-STRUT Split NG Coalescence FACE-Diphthonging based on Trudgill, Dialects, Routledge 1994, pages 37 -39.
Mapping the British Isles • • • R-Dropping H-Dropping FOOT-STRUT Split NG Coalescence FACE-Diphthonging
Mapping the British Isles Scotland Northeast North West Central Wales East Central Southeast Western SW Eastern SW
Mapping the British Isles N. Ireland (Ulster) Scotland Northeast S. Ireland (Eire) West Central Wales North East Central Southeast Western SW Eastern SW
+r -r +r NB! • • • R-Dropping H-Dropping FOOT-STRUT Split NG Coalescence FACE-Diphthonging
arm
+r -r +r +r • • • R-Dropping H-Dropping FOOT-STRUT Split NG Coalescence FACE-Diphthonging
+r -r +r • • • R-Dropping H-Dropping FOOT-STRUT Split NG Coalescence FACE-Diphthonging
+h • +h • • R-Dropping H-Dropping FOOT-STRUT Split NG Coalescence FACE-Diphthonging -h
house
• • • R-Dropping H-Dropping FOOT-STRUT Split NG Coalescence FACE-Diphthonging
sun
Last
• • • R-Dropping H-Dropping FOOT-STRUT Split NG Coalescence FACE-Diphthonging
tongue
• • • R-Dropping H-Dropping FOOT-STRUT Split NG Coalescence FACE-Diphthonging
• • • R-Dropping H-Dropping FOOT-STRUT Split NG Coalescence FACE-Diphthonging
1 2 3 4 5 8 7 6 9
Scotland Northeast North West Central Wales East Central Southeast Western SW Eastern SW
Higland Scottish Scotland 3 Northeast 3 North 4 West Central 4 East Central 5 Wales 5 Southeast 8 Western SW 6 Eastern SW 7
Scotland N. Ireland (Ulster) Northeast North S. Ireland West East (Eire) Central Wales Southeast Western Eastern SW SW
Split NG Co Long Mid Diphth. new FOOTSTRUT RDrop HDrop 1 Scotland o o n n o 2 2 The Northeast n o o n o 2 3 The North n n o 3 4 Wales n n o 4 5 West Central n n o o n 3 6 East Central n n o n n 4 7 Western SW o n n n o 3 8 Eastern SW o n n 4 9 The Southeast n n n 5
BATH- Split NG Co Long Mid Diphth. FOOTSTRUT TRAP FOOT- Diph. GOOSE thong Merger Shift RDrop HDrop 1 Scotland o o n n o o n o 3 2 The Northeast n o o o o 2 3 The North n n o o o o 3 4 Wales n n o o 4 5 West Central n n o o o 3 6 East Central n n o o o 4 7 Western SW o n n n o n 5 8 Eastern SW o n n n o n 6 9 The Southeast n n n o n 7 Split new
• 1 2 3 4 5 8 7 6 9 BATH-TRAP Split
• • FOOT-STRUT Split BATH-TRAP Split
• 1 2 3 4 5 + 8 7 6 9 Diphthong Shift
http: //notendur. hi. is/peturk/KENNSLA/8 7/VARS/index. html
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So I should have added another variable: BATH- FOOT- Split NG Co Long Mid Diphth. FOOTSTRUT Diph. TRAP GOOSE thong NURSE Split Merger Shift Merger new RDrop HDrop 1 Scotland o o n n o o 3 2 The Northeast n o o o o n 3 3 The North n n o o o o n 4 4 Wales n n o o n 5 5 West Central n n o o o n 4 6 East Central n n o o o n 5 7 Western SW o n n n o n n 6 8 Eastern SW o n n n o n n 7 9 The Southeast n n n o n n 8
Report on assignment 4 Particular variables: • reversing several variables particularly NG Coalescence – also others e. g. FOOT-GOOSE and FOOTSTRUT - spoilt calculations
Report on assignment 4 Particular variables: • FOOT-GOOSE not an innovation? • FOOT-STRUT in Scotland may not be an innovation either.
Report on assignment 4 Particular variables: • SW no Diphth Shift - difficulties with Diphth Shift • FOOT-GOOSE marked -/+ in the Northeast • use of schwa for STRUT in Wales (one answer) • R-Dropping negative in Northeast. Northumbrian burr
Report on assignment 4 Reasons • “It is most likely that the areas that have the highest number of innovative forms do so because they have been highly influenced by other languages. ” • French influence. • London a melting-point foreigners and Brits from all over.
Report on assignment 4 Reasons • Immigrants… • When did they appear in any numbers? What of the variables we are discussing could be attributed to foreign influence? • Not clear that any of the variables concerned could be attributed to French influence …. HDropping? ? – What percentage of the population spoke French? – French influence in vocabulary
Report on assignment 4 Reasons • The Norse influence in the Middle Ages (before the French): – Clear grammatical influence – But we are talking of the accents of Standard English, which has the same grammar everywhere … – A Norse-English creole? ? ? • … to be continued
Report on assignment 4 Reasons • Conditions for dissemination of innovation: – assume random occurrence of innovations • but greater probability in denser populations • remember the critical size of children’s groups
Report on assignment 4 Reasons • the socio-linguistic effect must be in the dissemination, not the occurence – otherwise notional association of linguistic factors with quality: phonetics, grammar … • so the two factors are – large population – prestige of the new form (group identity. NB prestige works both ways)
-r -h u X e: -r -h Æ X e: -r -h u X e: