ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ Introduction to computer

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ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ Introduction to computer sciences ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ

ﺧﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ) (Outline of the presentation • • • • • ﻟﻤﺤﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺀ. . . ﻓﺮﻭﻉ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ ﺃﻨﻮﺍﻉ ﻭﻋﺎﺋﻼﺕ ﺃﺠﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﻛﺮﺓ ﻭﺃﻨﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﻭﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻬﺎ ﻟﻤﺤﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﺠﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻹﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻹﺧﺮﺍﺝ ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ • • • • ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ ﻭﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ – ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻭﺃﻨﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﺎﺭﺓ : ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ ) (PLC ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ

ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ. . . ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ )ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ آﺨﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ(. . . ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ آﺒﻞ ) (Apple ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺃﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺀ. . . ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰ ”ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺩ“ ) : (Code ◦ ◦ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺷﻔﺮﺓ : ). (Access Code ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻋﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺗﻘﺎﻟﻴﺪ : ). (Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ : ). (Civil code ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻧﺺ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ : ). (Program Code, Source code ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺳﺮ : ). (Hidden code ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺭﻗﻢ ﻣﻌﺮﻑ : )…. (Bare code, QR, Client Code . . . ﺍﻟﺨﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺔ ) : (Algorithm ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﺤﻞ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ )ﻣﺜﻼ ﻓﺮﺯ ﻗﻴﻢ ﻋﺪﺩﻳﺔ، ﺣﺴﺎﺏ، ﺭﺳﻢ، ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ،. . . (. ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ) : (Protocol ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺃﻮ آﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﻫﻢ ﻭﺗﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﻣﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﺭﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﻄﺮﺍﻑ ﻟﺘﺄﺪﻳﺔ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻤﺜﻞ، ﻣﺜﻼ ﻟﻠﺰﻭﺍﺝ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ، ﻟﻼﻣﺘﺤﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ، ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ، ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ، ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ،. . . ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ) , HTTP, FTP, Telnet … , . (TCP/IC, UDP ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

ﺃﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺩ. . . ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

ﻓﺮﻭﻉ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ. . . • • • • ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﺳﻴﺐ ). (Computer architecture ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺳﺒﺔ ). (Theory of computation ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ ). (Software Engineering ﺍﻷﺴﺲ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ ) Mathematical . (foundations ﺍﻟﺨﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﻴﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ) Algorithms and data . (structures ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺳﺒﺔ ). (Computer graphics ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ). (Databases • • • • ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ ) Programming languages and . (compilers ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺳﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ) (Scientific computing ﻣﺜﻞ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻴﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻱ. . . ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ). (Computer Networks ﺍﻷﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺯﻋﺔ ) , Concurrent, parallel . (and distributed systems ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺃﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ) Communications and . (Security ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ). (Artificial intelligence ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﻨﻴﺔ ). (Cognitive sciences ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﺮﻯ ﻣﺜﻞ : ﺗﻨﻘﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ) ،(Data Mining ﺃﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ) ،(Information Systems ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ) ،(Neural Networks ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ) (Knowledge Management ﻭﺍﻷﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﻴﺮﺓ ) ،(Expert Systems ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺑﻮﺕ ). (Robotics ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ؟ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﻤﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﺣﺴﺐ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ. . . ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ آﻠﺔ ﺣﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻭآﻠﺔ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ !!! ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻢ، ﺃﻮﻝ ﺣﺎﺳﺐ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮﻩ ﻋﺎﻡ 6491 ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻭﺯﻧﻪ 03 ﻃﻦ، ﻭﻳﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ 006 ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ! ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ - ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ )ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﺍﻛﺮﺓ( ﻫﻤﺎ آﻼﺕ ﻏﺒﻴﺔ. . . ﻏﻴﺮ ﺫﻛﻴﺔ، ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻳﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ. . . ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ/ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﻠﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ : ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ ﻭﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ. . . ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ”ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ“ ﺃﻮ ﺍﻻﻧﺪﻣﺎﺝ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ ). (Convergence ◦ ﻛﺄﻦ ﺗﺄﻤﺮ ﺷﺨﺼﺎ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺨﺮﻯ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻦ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ! ◦ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ) (Assembly ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻛﻮﺩ ﺭﻗﻤﻲ ﻫﻲ ﻟﻐﺔ ”ﻏﺒﻴﺔ“. . . ﻭﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺑﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ : … , ) mov, get, add, load ﺃﻨﻈﺮ ﻻﺣﻘﺎ(. ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

ﺃﻨﻮﺍﻉ ﺃﺠﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ)ﻣﻦ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ( ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺐ ). (Desktop ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮﻝ ). (Lap Top ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺩﻡ ). (Server ﺃﺠﻬﺰﺓ ﺃﺨﺮﻯ : ◦ ◦ ◦ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﻟﻭﺣﻲ ). (Tablet ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﻲ ). (Smart Phone ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﻲ ). (Interactive TV ﻣﻨﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻠﻌﺎﺏ ). (Console ﺍﻷﺠﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺰﻟﻴﺔ )ﻏﺴﺎﻟﺔ، ﺛﻼﺟﺔ،. . . ( ﻭﺍﻷﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ. ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

ﻋﺎﺋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺃﻲ ﺑﻲ ﺇﻡ ) : (IBM PC ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺔ آﺒﻞ ﻣﺎﻛﻨﺘﻮﺵ ) : (Apple Mac ﺃﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺃﺨﺮﻯ : ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ : ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ) (PC ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﻳﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻵﻦ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻨﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﺠﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ آﺒﻞ. . . ◦ ﺍﺷﺘﻬﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ 1891 ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ) (IBM ﻭﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺑﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺃﺠﻬﺰﺓ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ. . . ﻫﻲ ﺍﻵﻦ ﺍﻷﺸﻬﺮ ﻭﺍﻷﺮﺧﺺ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﻓﺬ ). (MS Windows ◦ ﺍﺷﺘﻬﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ 4891 ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ آﺒﻞ ) (Apple Inc ﻭﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺳﻬﻠﺔ ◦ ﻳﺘﻢ ”ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ“ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺠﻬﺰﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ) ” (Apple Inc ﻓﻘﻂ“ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺰﻭﺩﺓ ﺑﺄﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺑـ ). (Mac OSx ◦. . . ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ ) (Components of computers ﺃﻲ ﺷﻴﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﻪ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ : ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ : ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻳﺔ، ﻳﺘﻢ ﺭﺑﻄﻬﺎ ﺑﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺑﻔﻀﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺸﻐﻼﺕ ) (Drivers ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻷﺠﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻣﻌﻪ. ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺃﺨﺮﻯ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﺨﺮﻯ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ : ◦ ﺃﻮﻻ : ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻳﺔ ) (Hardware ﻭﻋﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﺍﺕ ﻣﻠﻤﻮﺳﺔ ) (Physical ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ، ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺣﺔ، ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ، ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻌﺔ،. . . ◦ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ : ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ ) : (Software ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ) (Set of instructions ﺗﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺃﺴﺎﺳﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ )ﺃﻨﻈﺮ ﻻﺣﻘﺎ(. ◦ ◦ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ ). (Infrastructure ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺧﻴﺺ ﻭﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ). (Licenses, rights ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ). (Intellectual Property ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ). (Business Model ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻳﺔ ) (Hardware components ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻤﻮﺱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ) (Main board ﺃﻮ ”ﻟﻮﺣﺔ ﺃﻢ“ ) (Motherboard ﺗﻀﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﺳﺐ )ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ، ﺍﻟﺬﺍﻛﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ، ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﻗﻞ، ﺩﻭﺍﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ،. . . (. ﺗﺘﻐﺬﻱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ) ،(Power Supply ﻭﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺬ ﻭﻣﻮﺻﻼﺕ ﻭﻭﺍﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﺑﺲ ﻟﻮﺻﻞ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ، ﺃﺠﻬﺰﺓ ﻣﻠﺤﻘﺔ، ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻃﺮﻓﻴﺔ، ﺫﺍﻛﺮﺓ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﺔ، ﺃﺠﻬﺰﺓ ﻋﺮﺽ،. . . ﺍﻷﻨﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﺨﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﺳﻴﺐ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ. ﺍﻷﺠﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻼ ﻟﻤﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﻗﻴﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ، ﻭﺗﺸﺘﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ، ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ. . ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

ﺷﻜﻞ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻲ ﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ. . . ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ) (Processor ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ؟ )ﻓﻴﺪﻳﻮ( ﻫﻮ ﻣﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺃﻲ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ. ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺷﺮﻛﺘﺎﻥ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﻭﻫﻤﺎ ﺇﻧﺘﻞ ) (Intel ﻭآﻲ ﺃﻢ ﺩﻱ ) (AMD ﻭﺗﻨﺘﺠﺎﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ). (Models ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺨﺮﻯ، ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ). . . , ،(TI, Motorola, VIA, Samsung ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ. ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ”ﻣﻜﻮﻧﻴﻦ“ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﻴﻦ : ◦ ﺃﻮﻻ : ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻖ ) : (ALU ﻭﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ. ◦ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ) : (CU ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺮﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﻛﺮﺓ ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻔﻚ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﺰﻫﺎ ) (Decode ﻭﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻫﺎ ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻦ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻷﻮﻟﻰ. ◦ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﻛﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻹﺧﺮﺍﺝ. ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻛﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻲ، ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ : ◦ ◦ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ : ﺗﻘﺎﺱ ﻳﺎﻟﻬﻴﺮﺗﺰ ) (Hz ﺃﻲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺗﺮﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ، ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﺑﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ. ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﺏ )? . (Muticore ﺍﻟﺬﺍﻛﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ). (Cache ﺃﻤﻮﺭ ﻓﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﺨﺮﻯ )ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﻛﺮﺓ، ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻷﻠﻌﺎﺏ،. . . (. ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻤﻮﺭ ﻳﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﻟﻬﺎ : ◦ ◦ ◦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ. ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺛﻮﻗﻴﺔ : ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻷﻌﻄﺎﻝ. ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺸﺘﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ. ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺮ. . . . ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺣﺔ ﺍﻷﻢ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻻﺣﻈﻨﺎ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ، ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﺍﻛﺮﺓ، ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺣﺔ ﺍﻷﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ، ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻓﻜﻪ ﻭﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻪ : ◦ ◦ ◦ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻹﺧﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺳﻲ ) : (BIOS ﻭﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻷﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ. ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺎﺋﻖ ) : (Chipset ﻭﻋﻲ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺈﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎﻡ. ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺬ ﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺩﻡ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ. ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺬ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﻷﻘﺮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺑﺄﻨﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ. ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺬ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ. ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﺴﻂ ﻟﻠﻮﺣﺔ ﺍﻷﻢ ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ) : (Power Supply ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺰﻭﺩ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ ﻭﺃﻲ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺑﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﻲ ﺫﻱ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻪ. ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ) (DC Adapter ﺃﻮ ) : (Charger ﻭﻫﻲ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺗﺰﻭﺩ ﺍﻷﺠﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺀ ﻭﺗﺸﺤﻦ ﺑﻄﺎﺭﻳﺎﺗﻬﺎ. ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﻴﺔ ) : (UPS ﺃﻲ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻘﻄﻌﺔ ) . (Uninterruptible power supply ﻭﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻭﻟﻮ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﻧﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ. . . ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﺠﻬﺰﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ. ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

ﺍﻟﺬﺍﻛﺮﺓ ) (Memory ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ : ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ”ﺟﻬﺎﺯ“ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ”ﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ“ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺃﻮ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺩﺍﺋﻢ ﺃﻮ ﻣﺆﻘﺖ ﺑﻬﺪﻑ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻻﺣﻘﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺣﺎﺳﺐ ﺃﻮ ﺃﻲ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ آﺨﺮ. ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺫﺍﻛﺮﺓ ) ،(Memory ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﻳﻨﺸﺄ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎﻅ ﺑﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺩﺍﺋﻢ ﺃﻮ ﻣﺆﻘﺖ. ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻨﻮﺍﻉ ﻟﻠﺬﺍﻛﺮﺓ. . . ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

ﺃﻨﻮﺍﻉ ﺫﺍﻛﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ)ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ( ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ ﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﻛﺮﺓ ﻭﻫﻤﺎ : ﻃﺒﻌﺎ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻼﺕ ﺃﺨﺮﻯ ﻷﻨﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﻛﺮﺓ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺫﺍﻛﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ) (Cache Memory ﻭﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﻓﻨﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﻛﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺷﺎﺑﻪ. ﻻﺣﻆ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻘﺒﺔ ) (Punched cads ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﻛﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺷﻴﺔ. . . ◦ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﻛﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ) : (Primary ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺇﻣﺎ ”ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺔ“ ) (ROM ﺃﻮ ”ﻋﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ“ ). (RAM ◦ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﻛﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ ) : (Secondary ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﺩﺓ. ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﺃﻜﺜﺮ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻼ ﻷﻨﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﻛﺮﺓ ﻣﻊ ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻔﻬﺎ : ﻛﻞ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻨﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﻛﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺫﻛﺮﻫﺎ ﻟﻪ ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﻭﻣﺴﺎﻭﺉ ﻭﺩﻭﺭ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ. . . ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﻛﺮﺓ، ﻭﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻘﺒﺔ ) (Punched cards ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﻛﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ. . . ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺃﻴﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ. ﺍﻟﺬﻭﺍﻛﺮ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ. ﺍﻟﺬﻭﺍﻛﺮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ )… , . (Flash, EEFPROM ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﻛﺮﺓ Unit Description Bit (Binary Digit) A binary digit is logical 0 & 1 representing a passive or an active state of a component in an electric circuit. Nibble A group of 4 bits is called nibble. Byte A group of 8 bits is called byte. A byte is the smallest unit which can represent a data item or a character. Word A computer word like a byte, is a group of fixed number of bits processed as a unit which varies from computer but is fixed for each computer. The length of a computer word is called word-size or word length and it may be as small as 8 bits or may be as long as 96 bits. A computer stores the information in the form of the computer words. ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﺍﻛﺮﺓ ﺃﺼﻐﺮ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺖ ) (Bit ﺃﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ، ﻳﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻳﺖ ) (Byte ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﻌﺎﺩﻝ 8 ﺑﺖ. ﻭﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺃﻌﻠﻰ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻣﻀﺮﻭﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ 4201 )2 ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻋﺔ ﻟﻸﺲ 01(. Description 1 KB = 1024 Bytes ) Kilobyte (KB 1 MB = 1024 KB 1 GB = 1024 MB 1 TB = 1024 GB 1 PB = 1024 TB ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ Unit ) Megabyte (MB ) Giga. Byte (GB ) Tera. Byte (TB ) Peta. Byte (PB … , Exa. Byte, Zeta. Byte

ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﻨﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﻛﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ) : (Secondary memory ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺨﺰﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ، ﺑﻞ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻧﺴﺨﻬﺎ-ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﻛﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ) (RAM ﺃﻮﻻ. ﻳﺴﻤﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﻛﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ) ،(Auxiliary memory ﺃﻮ ﺫﺍﻛﺮﺓ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﻛﺜﻴﻒ ) Mass . (Storage ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺛﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﻗﺪﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ”ﺑﻄﻴﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ“، ﺃﻤﺜﻠﺘﻬﺎ : ◦ ◦ ◦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺹ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ). (Hard Disk ﺍﻷﻘﺮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻣﺠﺔ )… , . (CD, DVD ﺫﺍﻛﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺵ ) . (Flash drives and solid state drives ﺍﻷﺸﺮﻃﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ ). (Magnetic tape ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ )… . (Network storage : NAS, SAN, Online Backup ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺹ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ )ﻓﻴﺪﻳﻮ( ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻷﻘﺮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻣﺠﺔ )… , (CD, DVD ﻭﺍﻷﺷﺮﻃﺔ ) (Tapes ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ. ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

ﺃﺠﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻹﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻹﺧﺮﺍﺝ ) (I/O devices ﻭﺗﻠﻌﺐ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺠﻬﺰﺓ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺑﺸﺮﺍ ﺃﻮ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ. ﺗﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺃﺠﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻹﺧﺮﺍﺝ ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﻭﺗﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ، ﻧﺬﻛﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﻓﻘﻂ : ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺠﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻹﺧﺮﺍﺝ : ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺠﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻹﺩﺧﺎﻝ : ◦ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ )ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ(، ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺑﺄﻨﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ،. . . ◦ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺑﺄﻨﻮﺍﻋﻪ ). (Speaker ◦ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻦ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺇﺧﺮﺍﺝ ﺃﻮ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺃﻮ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺤﻴﺎﻥ. . . ◦ ﺍﻟﻔﺄﺮﺓ ) ،(Mouse ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺣﺔ ) ،(Keyboard ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ، ﻗﺎﺭﺉ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺩ، ﻗﺎﺭﺉ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﻤﺎﺕ، ﻗﺎﺭﺉ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻗﺎﺕ،. . . ◦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺳﺢ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ ). (Scanner ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ ﺃﺠﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻹﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻹﺧﺮﺍﺝ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻣﺪﻣﺠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺃﻮ ﻣﻠﺤﻘﺔ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺬ ) (Ports ﺃﻮ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﻬﺎﺕ ) (Interfaces ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﻮﺻﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ، ﺃﻨﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ : ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺔ ) (Software ﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﻨﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ ﻭﺍﻷﺠﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻴﻬﺔ )ﻃﻴﺎﺭﺓ، ﻫﺎﺗﻒ ﺟﻮﺍﻝ، ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻃﺒﻲ، آﻠﺔ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ،. . . (. ﻫﻲ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻠﻤﻮﺳﺔ ). (Intangible, not physical ﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﺃﻨﻮﺍﻉ : ◦ ◦ ◦ ﺃﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ). . . (OS ﺃﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺃﺠﻬﺰﺓ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ). . . (Firmware ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﺤﻠﻴﺔ. . . ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﻳﺐ. . . ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ. . . ﺃﻨﻈﺮ ﻻﺣﻘﺎ ”ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ“ ﺃﻮ ”ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ“. ﻭﺃﻬﻤﻬﺎ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ )ﺃﻨﻈﺮ ﻻﺣﻘﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻷﻤﺜﻠﺔ(. ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ) : (Instruction ﻧﻌﻠﻢ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ، ﻭﻧﻌﻠﻢ ﺃﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ ﻻ ﻳﻔﻜﺮ ﻭﺣﺪﻩ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ. ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻧﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ”ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺩ“ ) : (Code ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺭﺳﻤﻴﺔ. . . ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺔ ) : (Algorithm ﻫﻲ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﺮ ﻭﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻭﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﻟﺤﻞ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﻄﺎﺓ، ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻛﻮﺩ ﺃﻮ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ. . . ﻣﺜﻼ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺮﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩﻱ ) (Factorial ؟ ﺃﻮ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻧﺮﺳﻢ ﺭﺳﻢ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ) (Fractal ؟ ﺃﻮ ﻣﺜﻼ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ؟ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ) : (Program ﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻮﺩ ﺃﻮ ﺃﻜﺜﺮ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻭﺿﻌﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺇﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ. . . ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

ﺃﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺍﻷﻜﺒﺮ ﻹﻗﻠﻴﺪﺱ ) : (Euclid’s GCD ﺃﻮﻻ ﻧﺤﻠﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻭﻧﺼﻴﻎ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ، ﺛﻢ ﻧﺘﺼﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺭﺳﻢ ﺃﻮ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺃﻮ ﻭﺻﻒ ﻧﺼﻲ، ﺛﻢ ﻧﺤﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﻣﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺎﺕ، ﻭﺃﺨﻴﺮﺍ ﻧﺤﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺑﻠﻐﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ، ﻣﺜﻼ ﺑﻠﻐﺔ ) : (C { ) int gcd (int a, int b ; int temp { )0 =! while (b ; temp = b ; b = a % b ; a = temp } ; return a } ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

ﺃﻨﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ) : (Operating System ﺃﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ،. . . ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ) : (Applications ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻴﺔ، ﻃﺒﻴﺔ، ﺻﻮﺭ، ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺔ، ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ،. . . ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﻧﻔﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮﻳﺔ ) : (Utilities ﻣﺜﻞ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ ﻭﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺮﻭﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺭﺑﻂ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ. . . ) . (Compliers, interpreters, linkers and text editors ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﺠﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﻘﻠﺔ ) : (Firmware or microcode . Firmwareor microcode is programming that is loaded into a special area on a microprocessoror read-only memory on a one-time or infrequent basis so that thereafter it . seems to be part of the hardware ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻔﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ : ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ، ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ، ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ، ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺗﺸﻔﻴﺮ،. . . ﺇﻟﺦ. ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ : ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻣﺞ، ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﺃﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ. . . ﺃﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ : … , Java, C++, C, C#, Asp. Net, Php, Assembly ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ) (OS ؟ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻬﻢ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ. ﻭﻫﻮ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻳﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﻛﺮﺓ، ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ، ﻭﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﺮﻯ. ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ. ﺃﻤﺜﻠﺔ : ◦ ◦ Microsoft Windows Microsoft Server Linux Android IOS Symbian Bada ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﻵﻠﻲ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺼﻮﺭﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻣﺎﻛﻨﺔ ﺗﺄﺨﺬ ﻣﺪﺧﻼﺕ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﺨﺰﻧﺔ ﺃﻮ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ، ﺗﻌﺎﻟﺠﻬﺎ ﺛﻢ ﺗﺤﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺨﺮﺟﺎﺕ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺭﻱ ﺃﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ. . . ﺣﺘﻰ ﻧﻔﻬﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻹﺩﺧﺎﻝ، ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ، ﺍﻹﺧﺮﺍﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ. ◦ ◦ ﺃﻮﻻ : ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺧﺎﻝ : ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺣﺔ، ﺍﻟﻔﺄﺮﺓ، ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺳﺢ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ، ﻗﺎﺭﺉ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺩ، ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻴﺮﺍ، ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺴﺎﺕ، ﻗﺎﺭﺉ ﺍﻷﻘﺮﺍﺹ، ﻗﺎﺭﺉ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﻤﺎﺕ، ”ﺍﻟﺬﺍﻛﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ“. . ( ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ : ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ : ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ). (CPU ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ : ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺧﺮﺍﺝ : ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺟﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ، ﺳﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ، ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻌﺔ، ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ،. . . ﺭﺍﺑﻌﺎ : ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ : ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺤﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻭﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﺃﻨﻮﺍﻉ : ﺫﺍﻛﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﻓﻘﻂ ). (ROM ﺍﻟﺬﺍﻛﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻘﺘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ). (RAM ﺫﺍﻛﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ ) (Mass Storage Unit ﻭﻫﻲ ﺇﻣﺎ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻮ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ. ﺫﺍﻛﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﻳﻊ ). (Cache Memory . . . ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﻵﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ ﻛﺎﺋﻦ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺫﻛﻲ ﺑﺬﺍﺗﻪ ! ﻣﺴﺭ ﻭﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺨﺭ. . . ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋ 11=3 ! 0110=6 ! ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻣﺞ ؟ ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

: ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻐﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺑﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ High-level language : C++, Java, Php, … #include <iostream> int main() { int counter = 0; Print(“Hellow !”); } By compiler … ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ. . . ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺫﺍﻛﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺄﻨﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ. ﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺎﺕ ). (Bytes ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﻭﺗﻬﻴﺌﺘﻬﺎ ) (Format ﻋﺮﻑ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﻠﺤﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ) (Extension ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺤﺪﺩ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻌﻼ ﻫﻮ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﻗﺮﺍﺀﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻲ ﻭﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ. ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﻛﺮﺓ، ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺆﺸﺮﺍﺕ ) (Pointers or references ﺗﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ. ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﻭﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﻲ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﻛﺮﺓ )ﺻﻮﺭﺓ، ﺻﻮﺕ، ﻧﺺ، ﺃﺮﻗﺎﻡ، ﺟﺪﺍﻭﻝ،. . . (. ﻧﺄﺨﺬ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ. . . ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ ) (Digital Images ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ، ﻛﻞ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ )ﺭﻗﻢ، ﺻﻮﺭﺓ، ﻧﺺ، ﺻﻮﺕ،. . . ( ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﺴﺠﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﻮ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﺪﻫﺎ ) (Coding ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ. ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻠﻒ ﻛﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ. ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻃﺒﻘﻬﺎ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﺪ : ﻃﺒﻌﺎ ﻛﻞ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎﻩ ﻭﻣﺴﺎﻭﺋﻪ، ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻃﺮﻕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ، ﻟﻦ ﻧﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻫﻨﺎ. ﺑﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻝ، ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻛﺄﻲ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﺤﻮﺳﺒﺔ، ﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ، ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ،. . . ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻨﺔ ﺃﻲ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺗﻨﺎﻇﺮﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ )ﻣﺎﺳﺢ ﺿﻮﺋﻲ، ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻓﻴﺪﻳﻮ ﻗﺪﻳﻢ،. . . (. ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻨﺔ ) (Digitalization ﺗﺘﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺃﺨﺬ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻴﺔ ). (Digital Sampling ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺪﻳﻮ ﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ. ◦ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﻴﺔ ) (Matricial or Bitmap ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻠﺤﻘﻬﺎ ) (. bmp ﺃﻮ ﺍﻷﺸﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻐﻮﻃﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ) , , . gif . (jpg ◦ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺒﻄﺔ ) : (Victor ﻫﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ، ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻠﺤﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ) (. ai, . cgm ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺼﻨﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ). (Adobe Illustrator ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﻴﺔ ) (Bitmap image ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﺴﻬﻞ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ. . . ﺃﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺗﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺑﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ) (Pixels ﺃﻲ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ). (Picture Element ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪﻫﺎ ) (Definition ﺑﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﻌﻤﺪﺓ ﻭﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻮﻑ، ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ : ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ 008*006 = 000084 ﻧﻘﻄﺔ )ﺑﻜﺴﻞ(. ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻮﻑ * ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﻌﻤﺪﺓ * ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ. ﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻟﻮﻥ ﻳﺤﺪﺩﻩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﻭﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ. ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻛﻠﻪ ﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﻭﺿﻮﺡ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ). (Resolution ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ”ﺗﻜﻮﻳﺪ“ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﻴﺔ ) (Bitmap ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻠﻒ ﻣﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺑﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﻣﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﻮﺩ ﻭﺍﻷﺒﻴﺾ ﺃﻲ ﺃﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺑﺖ ﺃﻲ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﻦ ﻓﻘﻂ )0 ﺃﻮ 1(. ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﻳﻦ، ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻦ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺮﻗﺎﻡ )ﺣﺴﺐ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﻳﻦ( ﻭﻛﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ ﻳﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻜﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ، ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ، ﻓﻔﻲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ) ،(RGB ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺃﺮﻗﺎﻡ ﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﺃﻠﻮﺍﻥ، ﻛﻞ ﻟﻮﻥ ﻣﻤﺜﻞ ﺑﻌﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺍﺕ. ﻣﺜﻼ 42 ﺑﺖ ﺃﻲ ﺃﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ )652 (256 x ﺃﻲ 61 ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ. . . ﻧﺴﻤﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ 61 ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻟﻮﻥ )ﻟﻮﻥ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ(. ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺗﻤﺘﻠﻚ ﻗﻴﺔ ﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ، ﺃﻨﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ : ﻃﺒﻌﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺒﺴﻄﺔ ﻷﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻤﻮﺭ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻭﻳﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺨﺮﻯ ﻻ ﻧﻮﺩ ﺫﻛﺮﻫﺎ ﻫﻨﺎ. ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺃﻠﻮﺍﻥ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ. ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

ﺧﻼﺻﺔ ﺑﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ )ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺳﻊ( ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﻛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺩﻓﺘﺮ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻣﺮﻡ ﺟﻴﺪﺍ ﻭﻛﻞ ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺑﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻣﺔ ﺟﻴﺪﺍ. . . ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﺩﻳﺎ ) (Physically ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﻛﺮﺓ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ. ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻍ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺑﻄﺮﻕ ﺫﻛﻴﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ. ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ”ﺑﻠﻮﻛﺎﺕ“، ﻭﺃﺤﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺃﻮ ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺎﺕ ) ،(Bit map ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻗﻮﺍﺋﻢ ﻣﺘﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ) (Linked List ﺃﻮ ﺧﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ. . . ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻢ ﺃﻦ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻲ ﻟﺤﻈﺔ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﻛﺮﺓ، ﺃﻴﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﻬﺎ ! ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﺹ ) , 23 - NTFS, Fat … , . (Linux FS ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ ) (Computer networks ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ) : (Computer Network ﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻌﺪﺓ ”ﺃﺠﻬﺰﺓ ﺣﺎﺳﺐ“ ﺑﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ) (Resources ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻂ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻣﻌﺪﺍﺕ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ. ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ ﻭﺑﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﻪ : ◦ ◦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﻛﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻌﺔ . . . ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

ﺃﻬﻢ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﺪﻧﻰ ﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ : ﺃﺠﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ )2 ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻘﻞ( ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺰﻭﺩﺓ ﺑﺄﺠﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ) Ethernet …. (card, Wifi, HDSPA, Fiber Optic ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ : ◦ ◦ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺩﻡ ﺃﻮ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ) : (Server ﺃﺠﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺷﺎﺑﻬﻬﺎ : ﻣﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ )ﺃﻨﻈﺮ ﻻﺣﻘﺎ(. ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻭﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ : ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﺩ ﺧﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺎﻃﺐ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺐ ﺗﻮﻓﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻭﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎ Packets Formats ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ. . . ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

ﻣﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ )ﺃﺠﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ( ﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺃﺠﻬﺰﺓ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺣﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺑﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻭﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ، ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺠﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﺮ. ◦ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ) : (Medium ﻭﻫﻲ ﺳﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﻮ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺳﻠﻜﻴﺔ. ◦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻪ ) : (Router ﻭﺃﺤﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﻮﺍﺑﺔ ) (Gateway ﻭﻫﻮ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺷﺒﻜﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺘﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ. ﻣﺜﻼ . IBM and Apple ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺩﻡ ) : (Modem ﻫﻮ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻳﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﺎﺗﻒ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ. ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺘﺶ ) (Switch ﺃﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺯﻉ ) : (*Hub ﻫﻮ ﻫﻮ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﺗﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ. ﺍﻟﺠﺴﺮ ) : (Bridge ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺷﺒﻜﺘﻴﻦ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺗﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ. ﻣﺜﻞ ﺷﺒﻜﺘﻴﻦ ﺣﻠﻘﻴﺘﻴﻦ. ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺩﻡ ؟ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺩﻡ ) : (Modem ﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ ﻟﺘﻤﻜﻴﻨﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ. ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺩﻡ ﺑﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ ) (Digital Signal ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﻨﺎﻇﺮﻳﺔ ) (Analogue Signals ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ، ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ )”. (“Modulation ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺩﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺴﻴﺔ ﺇﺫ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ، ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ )”. (“Demodulation ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺃﻦ ﻳﺨﺘﻔﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺩﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻱ. . . ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

ﺃﻨﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ Personal area network (PAN) : 20 to 30 feet. Local area network (LAN) : small commercial area or in small computer labs. Metropolitan area network (MAN) : MAN has many applications , it is most commonly used in banks, online reservation systems and in many military based services. Storage area network (SAN) : a dedicated network that provides access to consolidated, block level data storage. Wide area network (WAN) : Wide area network is commonly known as internet. The applications and availability of internet can be now seen in every building of commercial or other nature. Campus area network (CAN) … ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

ﺃﻨﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ( ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥ : ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻜﻴﺔ ) : (Wired Technologies ◦ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﺑﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺳﻲ، ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻳﺜﺮﻧﺖ ). (Ethernet ◦ ﺍﻷﻠﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ )… , . (Ftt. H, Ftt. P, Ftt. B, Ftt. D ◦. . . ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻼﺳﻠﻜﻴﺔ ) : (Wireless Technologies ◦ ◦ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺮﻭﻳﻒ ﺍﻷﺮﺿﻲ ) : (Terrestrial microwave ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺯﻉ ) Wifi, Wimax, … : (Radio and spread spectrum technologies ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻮﻳﺔ ) 3 G, LTE, GPRS, EDGE … : (Cellular systems . . . ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ) (Topology ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺑﻌﺪﺓ ﻃﺮﻕ ﻭﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺗﻮﺑﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ) (Network Topology ﻭﻟﻜﻞ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎﻩ ﻭﻣﺴﺎﻭﺋﻪ، ﺃﻬﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻨﻮﺍﻉ : ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻲ ) : (Bus ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ ) : (Token ring ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻤﺔ ) : (Star ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻨﻮﺍﻉ ﺃﺨﺮﻯ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺮﺓ، ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ. . . ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

ﺷﻜﻞ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

ﻟ ﻃﻼﻉ : ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ. . . ﻼ ﻫﻲ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ، ﻭﺃﻤﺜﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﺜﻞ ) ،(FTP, HTTP ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺪﻧﻰ ﻣﺜﻞ ). (TCP/IP, UDP, ICMP ﺃﻬﻤﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ). (TCP/IP ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ) (TCP/IP ﺃﻮ ) (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol ﺗﻀﻢ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻼﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ. ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ). (IP ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﺐ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ) (Packets ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﻭﻳﺴﺔ ) (Headers ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﻘﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ”ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻛﻴﺘﺎﺕ“، ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎ. ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺳﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﻭﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ) (Windowing ﺗﻀﻤﻦ ﺳﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ )ﻛﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ، ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﻬﺎ،. . . (. * ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ) (TCP ﻭ) (IP ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺷﺮﺡ ﻣﻮﺳﻊ ﻟﺘﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺗﻌﺒﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ) (Encapsulation ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ ). (Ethernet ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

ﻟﻤﺤﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ) (IP Adress ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ) (Internet Protocol address ﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺳﻢ ) (Label ﺭﻗﻤﻲ ﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ. ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻬﻢ ﺍﻷﻤﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻓﻬﻤﻬﺎ ﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ. ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﻋﻦ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ، ﻧﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺗﻬﺎ، ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻜﻮﻥ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ، ﻣﺜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻮ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ، ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ! ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ) (IP ﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ )ﺣﺎﺳﺐ، ﻣﻮﺟﻪ، ﻃﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ، ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻟﻮﺣﻲ، ﻫﺎﺗﻒ ﺫﻛﻲ،. . . (. ﻫﻮ ”ﺭﻗﻢ“ )ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ( ﻣﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ 23 ﺧﺎﻧﺔ )ﺑﺖ(، ﻣﻮﺯﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺮﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ )ﻛﻞ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ 8 ﺧﺎﻧﺎﺕ = 1 ﺑﺎﻳﺖ(، ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﺑﺄﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻜﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺮﺑﻌﺔ ﺑﺎﻳﺖ، ﻛﻞ ﺑﺎﻳﺖ )ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ( ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻦ ﻳﺄﺨﺬ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ )0 -552(. ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ آﻲ ﺑﻲ ﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﻟﻠﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ/ﺳﺎﻛﻦ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ، ﺃﻮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺆﻘﺖ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺧﺎﺩﻡ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑـ ) (DHCP ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﺼﻼ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ. ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

ﻟ ﻃﻼﻉ : ﺗﺮﻭﻳﺴﺔ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺃﻲ ﺑﻲ. . . ﻼ ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ آﻲ ﺑﻲ ) (IP Adress ﺗﺎﺑﻊ. . . ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ ﻧﺤﻦ ﻧﺼﻞ ﻟﻤﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ آﻲ ﺑﻲ، ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﻜﺘﺐ ﺇﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺧﺎﺩﻣﺎ ﺍﺳﻤﻪ ”ﺣﺎﺩﻡ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻗﺎﺕ“ ) (DNS ﻳﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ آﻲ ﺑﻲ. ﺃﺠﻴﺎﻝ ﺃﻮ ﻧﺴﺦ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ) : (IP Versions ﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ آﻲ ﺑﻲ ) : (IP Classes ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ آﻲ ﺑﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﺴﻤﻴﻦ ﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﺜﻠﻪ : ﻗﺴﻢ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻤﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ) ،(Host ID ﻭﻗﺴﻢ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻤﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ). (Net ID ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻱ ) : (MAC Address ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺔ/ﻣﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ )ﻣﺜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺻﻲ(. ◦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﻟﻌﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ : ◦ ﺍﻹﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ )4 ) (IPv ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺮ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﺎ( : ﻭﻳﺨﺰﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ 23 ﺑﺖ)ﺃﻲ 4 ﺑﺎﻳﺖ( ﻭﻳﻜﺘﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ 4 ﺃﺮﻗﺎﻡ )ﻣﻦ 0 ﺇﻟﻰ 552( ﺗﻔﺼﻠﻬﺎ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ )ﻣﺜﻼ 1. 03. 02. 01(. ◦ ﻭﺍﻹﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ )6 : (IPv ﺧﺰﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ 821 ﺑﺖ )ﺃﻲ 61 ﺑﺎﻳﺖ( ﻭﻳﻜﺘﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ 8 ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ 61 ﺑﺖ )ﺑﺘﺮﻣﻴﺰ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ 61( ﻳﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰ : )ﻣﺜﺎﻝ - 1)1008: fff: 0000: 0 a 88: 85 a 3: 0000: ac 1 f ◦ ﻭﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻨﻮﺣﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻗﺴﻢ، ﺗﻢ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺧﻤﺲ ﻓﺌﺎﺕ ). (A, B, C, D, E ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

ﻟ ﻃﻼﻉ : ﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ آﻲ ﺑﻲ ) (IP Classes ﻼ Leftmost bits ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻲ Class 552. 721 0. 0 0 xxx A 552. 191 0. 0. 0. 821 10 xx B 552. 322 0. 0. 0. 291 110 x C 552. 932 0. 0. 0. 422 0111 D 552 0. 042 1111 E Finish address Start address ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺩﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺑﻮﻥ ). (Client server ﻫﺬﺍ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ، ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ ) (Ad-hoc ﺃﻮ ) (Peer to Peer ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺣﺎﺳﺐ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺩﻡ ) (Server ﻭﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻷﺠﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﺓ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ”ﺯﺑﺎﺋﻦ“ ). (Clients ﻓﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ : ﺧﺎﺩﻡ ﺇﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ، ﺧﺎﺩﻡ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ، ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﺗﺄﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ، ﻓﻠﺘﺮﺓ، ﺭﺑﻂ، ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﺎﺕ، ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ،. . . ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ/ﺍﻷﻄﺮﺍﻑ ). (N-Tiers ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺳﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺎﺑﻴﺔ ). (Cloud Computing ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻦ ﻭﻣﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﻵﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻲ ) : (Hardware and technical support ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ) : (Graphics and Design ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ) : (Multimedia ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ ) : (Programming ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻭﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻗﻊ ) : (Web development ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ) : (Databases ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ) : (Networking ﺃﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ) : (Computer security . . . ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ ) (PLC ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺮﻣﺞ ) Programmable Logic (Controller ﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ )ﻛﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ( ﻣﻬﻤﺘﻪ ﺃﺘﻤﺘﺔ ) (Automation ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻭﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ) . (Electromechanical ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻵﻼﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻷﺠﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻣﺤﻮﺳﺐ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﻔﻈﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻲ. ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺑﻜﺜﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ، ﺍﻹﻧﺎﺭﺓ، ﻣﺠﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻠﻌﺎﺏ،. . . ﻫﻮ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻲ ﻭﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻵﻠﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻨﺎﻇﺮﻳﺔ )ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻃﺮﻕ ﺃﺨﺮﻯ. . . (. ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ،ﺗﺎﺑﻊ. . . ﻳﻤﺘﺎﺯ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺑﺄﻨﻪ ﻳﺨﺘﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻻ ﻧﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺆﻘﺘﺎﺕ ) (Timer ﺃﻮ ﻣﺮﻝ/ﺭﻳﻠﻴﻪ ) (Relay ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺮﻣﺠﺘﻪ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ. ﻧﺸﺄﺖ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ ﻛﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻼﺕ. ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺎﺕ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﺎﻡ 9691 ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ. ﺃﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻦ ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻲ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺗﺤﻜﻢ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ : ◦ ◦ ◦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ). (Processor ﺍﻟﺬﺍﻛﺮﺓ ). (Memory ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺩﺧﻞ ). (Input ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺧﺮﺝ ). (Output ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ ﻭﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ). (Programming unit, device, or PC/software ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻭﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺫﻻ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ ) : (Bandwidth ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ) : (Communication Protocols ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ) : (Speed ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻜﺒﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﺃﻮ ﺍﻟﻮﻳﺐ ) : (Web ﺣﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ) : (Data Packet ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﻴﺔ ) : (VN ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﻴﺔ ) : (VPN ﺍﻟﺠﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭﻱ ) ،(Fire. Wall ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺃﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﺨﺮﻯ … : NAT, DMZ ﺧﺎﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﻛﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻛﺴﻲ ) : (Proxy Server ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻮﺳﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻬﻴﺪ ). (Outsourcing ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ ). (Open Source ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﺮﺓ ). (Parametering ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ). (Tele. Work ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ). (E-medicine ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ ). (Ecommerce ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺳﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺧﺪﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ). (Service Oriented Architecture ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ ). (e. Government ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺳﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺎﺑﻴﺔ ). (Cloud Computing ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ). (Social Networking ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ). (Artificial Intelligence ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ). (e. Learning ﺍﻟﺘﻴﻠﻴﻤﺎﺗﻴﺔ ) : (Telematics ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻳﺪﻣﺞ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑـ ). (ICT ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

Brief timeline of computers … ﻟﻤﻦ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ ﻓﻘﻂ 2400 BC to 300 BC. (technology to support mathematics begins) The first known portable calculator was the abacus. Some claim it originated with the Chinese, but most scholars argue that it was invented by the Babylonians (Encyclopædia Britannica). The concept was first implemented with pebbles and sand or dust on a rock, hence its origins in the Phoenician word abak or sand. Of course if it was a windy day, you couldn't calculate the big figures. As the technology of that period improved, carrying a bag of pebbles, waiting for the right weather, then finding a nice pile of dust or sand then placing a design on it was no longer necessary. The early Roman abacus (picture) to the right created a permanent sand pile grid, the clay tablet. This development led to something better to deal with the problem of easy to lose and displace pebbles. This tablet technology was improved on by putting the pebbles on a string or rod. This design put a number of thinking functions into one highly portable device where they could not get lost and made it easy to quickly move things to the beginning of the sequence. This was the first handheld computer. See thousands of images of different abacus models using Google image search for abacus or try out a simulation of one design of an abacus. 80 BC: the Antikythera mechanism, designed by Greek engineers, was the first known functioning analog computer that perhaps calculated the positions of the stars and planets (Google images) 1500 s AD: Leonardo da Vinci's designs a Mechanical Calculator (picture ; Google images) 1600 s: John Napier creates Napiers Bones (multiplication tables on wood or paper) and logarithms. (picture) ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

Brief timeline of computers … 1621: William Oughtred invents the slide rule, an early analog computer (picture; Google images). 1642: Blaise Pascal, a French mathematician and philosopher, invents the first operating model of mechanical digital calculator using gears, called the Arithmetic Machine. It used addition to subtract, multiple and divide (picture). 1665: Robert Hooke writes in Micrographia of how our use of eye glasses suggests extensions for all senses (technology conceived to support sense of sight extended to all senses) 1804: Joseph Marie Jacquard used punch cards to automate a weaving loom (pictures; Google images). 1812: Charles P. Babbage, the "father of the computer", discovered that many long calculations involved many similar, repeated operations. Therefore, he designed a machine, the difference engine which would be steam powered, fully automatic and commanded by a fixed instruction program. In 1833, Babbage quit working on this machine to concentrate on the analytical engine (picture; Google images). 1840 s: Augusta Ada is known as "the first programmer" because she suggested that a binary system should be used for storage rather than a decimal system for Babbage's designs (Google images). ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

Brief timeline of computers … 1850 s: George Boole developed Boolean logic which would later become significant to the design of computer circuitry and as a method for refining the searching of information (Google images). 1874: first commercial typewriter was released in 1874, having been patented in 1867 (Google images). 1890: Hollerith's tabulator 1890: Dr. Herman Hollerith introduced the first electromechanical, punched-card data-processing machine which was used to compile information for the 1890 U. S. census. Hollerith's tabulator became so successful that he started his own business to market it. His company would eventually become International Business Machines (IBM). (picture ; Google images) (this paper based machine represents the origin of computer database software) 1906: Lee De Forest invents the vacuum tube which is used as an early form of computer memory holding the values of zero and one by being on or off (picture ; Google pictures). 1910: first commercial implementation of teletype or teleprinters, between New York City and Boston (pictures; Google pictures) 1939: Dr. John V. Atanasoff and his graduate assistant Clifford Berry build the first electronic digital computer (Google images). ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

Brief timeline of computers … 1940: The first example of remote computing, using a teleprinter to reach across a telephone line to a computer in New Hampshire which returned answers to New York. The teleprinter is not a computer but connects with and displays interactions with the computer. (picture ; Google images). 1941: Konrad Zuse from Germany, introduced the first programmable computer which solved complex engineering equations. This machine, called the Z 3, was also the first to work on the binary system instead of the decimal system. (Google images) 1947: The giant ENIAC (Electrical Numerical Integrator and Calculator) machine was developed by John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert, Jr. at the University of Pennsylvania. It used 18, 000 vacuum tubes, punch-card input, weighed thirty tons and occupied a thirty-by-fifty-foot space. It was only programmable by changing the wiring, not through software changes, but was productive from 1946 to 1955 and was used to compute artillery firing tables. (Google images) 1947: William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain of Bell Labs invented the transistor. In the next decade, vacuum tubes will be replaced by transistors for which they will receive the Nobel Prize in physics in 1956. (images ; Google images) 1951: Mauchly and Eckert built the UNIVAC I, the first computer designed and sold commercially, specifically for business data-processing applications (Google images). 1950 s: Dr. Grace Murray Hopper developed the UNIVAC I compiler. (Google images)(computer supports composition with text) ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

Brief timeline of computers … 1955 Hiller and Issacson compse the first piece of computer-generated music using the Univac computer, the Illiac String Quartet (computer supports composition with music). 1957: FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslator), an early computer programming language that was the first to handle loops, repeating sets of computer directions(computer supports complex composition with text) 1958: Jack St. Clair Kilby and Robert Noyce of Texas Instruments manufactured the first integrated circuit, or chip, which is made up of six components, a feat for which they eventually win a Nobel Prize for physics in the year 2000. This led to hundreds of tiny transistors that fit on a chip of silicon, then thousands, then millions over the next decade. (pictures ; picture 2 ; Google images) 1960 s: Gene Amdahl designed the IBM System/360 series of mainframe (G) computers, the first general-purpose digital computers to use integrated circuits. (Google images) ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

Brief timeline of computers … 1962: Ivan Sutherland produces software for drawing and manipulating images in real-time called Sketchpad (computer supports computer image composition) 1964: IBM produces the MT/ST (the Magnetic Tape/Selectric Typewriter)(this typewriter becomes the first word processor) 1965: BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) programming language developed by Dr. Thomas Kurtz and Dr. John Kemeny. (Google images) 1960's late: ATM machines introduced, but only allowed cash withdrawal. (Google images) 1967: A Texas Instrument team of engineers created the Cal-Tech, the first handheld calculator design completed which is marketed three years later by Canon. TI begins to sell its own 4 function Datamath calculator in 1972 for $150. 00. (pictures ; Google images) 1968: The movie 2001: A Space Odyssey is released. (Google images) ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

Brief timeline of computers … 1969: A major internet is started as a U. S. government defense agency, ARPANET, needs to connect many machines on many smaller networks. (Google images) 1970: intel introduces the first 1 k dynamic RAM on a chip which quickly replaces magnetic core memory. (Google images) 1971: Intel released the first microprocessor, the 4004 (invented by Ted Hoff) a specialized integrated circuit chip which was able to process four bits of data at a time at 108 khz using some 2000 transistors (see 1958). What formerly required many computer chips with connecting wires for the arithmetic, logic and control components, was now on one chip, significantly reducing the complexity and cost of manufacturing the heart of a computer. Storage for data and programs remains on other chips and devices. Eventually, almost every device using electricity will be controlled by a microprocessor. (picture ; Google images) 1971: PASCAL, a structured or modular programming language, was developed by Niklaus Wirth. (Google images) ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

Brief timeline of computers … 1972: The first grocery store used computer read bar code on products, a Kroger in Cincinnati, Ohio. (Google images) 1972: The Atari Company invented the first commercially successful coin-operated video game called "Pong" starting the concept of software as simulation and game (Google images) 1973: Texas Instruments introduces the first dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) that is a 4 K-bit chip (Google images) 1973: The first sophisticated computer systems that could scan human tissue were installed at Massachusetts General and Mayo Clinic. Using x-rays, the process takes 4. 5 minutes of scan time then another 20 minutes to process the collected data. The Nobel Prize for the development of Computer Assisted Tomography was awarded to Cormack and Hounsfield in 1979. (Google images) 1973: Classrooms begin using teletype terminals (e. g. , keyboard types on paper) for instructional purposes to interact with remote computers using acoustic couplers (standard telephone handsets placed in an early type of modem to send and receive data), image courtesy of Grace Museum, University of Missouri-St. Louis. 1974: Hewlett-Packard introduces the HP-35, the first scientific handheld calculator (Google images) ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

Brief timeline of computers … 1974: Robert Moog invented the first practical electronic synthesizer and introduced it to the public in 1964. (Google images)1975: Two young hackers, William Gates and Paul Allen approached MITS and promised to deliver a BASIC compiler. So they did and from the sale, Microsoft was born. 1976: Cray developed the Cray-I supercomputer (Google images). 1976: Jobs and Wozniak designed and built the Apple I; then the following year introduced the Apple II microcomputer during a year in which many other personal computer brands are marketed including the Commodore Pet, Tandy/Radio Shack TRS -80 Model I, Atari and Coleco and then more brands appear in the years to follow (Apple pictures ; other PC pictures). 1978: Arcade video game arrives called Space Invaders. 1979: Arcade video game by Atari called Asteroids which provided fast action and high score as challenge for others to beat. ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

Brief timeline of computers … 1979: Visicalc (a spreadsheet program) is first sold for the Apple II computer (Google images). (computer supports easy mathematical problem solving) 1980: IBM offers Bill Gates the opportunity to develop the operating system called MS-DOS for its new IBM personal computer (Google images). 1980: Radio Shack introduces the TRS-80 Pocket Computer. It features a 24 character display, QWERTY keyboard, and 1. 9 KB of programmable memory. Price is US$230. (Google images) 1981: The IBM PC was introduced with a 16 -bit microprocessor. (Google images) 1982: Time magazine chooses the computer instead of a person to be its "Machine of the Year. " (Google images) 1982: CMX/Orrox shows a disc-based editing system for digital video (computer supports composition with video) 1982: The MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) became a standard allowing digital electronic instruments to work efficiently with computers. (Google images) 1982: first digital audio CD discs made available in the 5 -inch size (Google images). ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

Brief timeline of computers … 1983: The Internet is born when Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (Arpanet) of the US Department of Defense switched over to the TCP/IP protocol from the Network Control Protocol (NCP) on January 1, 1983. The ARPANET (forerunner to today's Internet) which was limited to just 1, 000 machines could now handle millions. Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn designed the TCP/IP protocol. (Google images) 1983: The movie War Games is released in which a seeker of network computer access stumbles into playing a game that becomes a real prelude to thermonuclear war. (Google images) 1983: Aldus Corporation introduces Pagemaker software for desktop publishing(computer simplifies the merging of text and images, desktop publishing) 1984: Apple introduced the Macintosh computer, which uses a graphical interface instead of the usual text command interface, making the computer much easier to use. (Google images) 1984: The same year, IBM released the 286 -AT. (Google images) 1984: William Gibson authors the book Neuromancer which coins the term cyberspace. (Google images) 1984: Seiko Instruments U. S. A. Inc. displays the first wristwatch computer, with a 10 -character, 4 -line LCD. 1987: Hypercard distributed by Apple Computer, (the computer manages multimedia, integration of many media on one computer screen) 1988: A nondestructive worm was introduced into the Internet network bringing thousands of computers to a halt. ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

Brief timeline of computers … 1989: The Intel 486 became the world's first 1, 000 transistor microprocessor. (Google images) 1989: Virtual reality software appears from Autodesk and VPL(personal computer supports 3 dimensional (3 D) displays of imagery) By 1990, all known forms of composition can be edited and displayed on one relatively affordable device and on one screen, using the personal computer. 1992: Apple Computer chairman John Sculley coins the term Personal Digital Assistant, referring to handheld computers that typically operate via a stylus on a LCD display. Sculley announces that Apple Computer will enter the consumer electronics market by the end of the year. At the Consumer Electronics Show, Apple Computer announces the Newton pen input device. (Google images) 1992: The movie Lawnmower Man explores possible social consequences of virtual reality computing; Lawnmower Man 2 (due 2003). 1994: Commercialization of the Internet. 1995: Colombia Pictures released The Net, which explored the social issues of personal security and privacy with networked computers. 1995: The Copycat movie explored how computers could be used to animate images and to transmit them. (Google images) 1996: 3 Com debuts the Palm Pilot. 1996: first DVD players made available ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

Brief timeline of computers … 1997: Nokia introduces the Nokia 9000 i Communicator, combining hand-held PC, digital cell phone, and fax: 4. 5 x 1. 4 inch LCD screen, QWERTY keyboard, Geo. Works operating system, Intel 24 -MHz 386 processor, and 8 -MB RAM. Price is US$8501000 plus monthly cell phone charge; weight is 14 ounces; size is 6. 5 x 2. 5 x 1. 5 inches. (Google images) 1998: Microsoft announced the Palm PC hand-held computer, running Windows CE 2. 0. (Google images) 1998: Pople and Kohn were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in this year for showing how to use computers to use the complex equations of quantum-chemical methods to accurately determine three-dimensional structure of molecules. One application of this is the development of new catalysts to generate very specific products such as drugs and plastics. Future applications will include nanomachines and nanocomputers (images). 1999: Palm Computing introduced the Palm VII Connected Organizer handheld computer: 2 MB RAM, and telephone modem port which can be connected to a separate cell phone. Price is US$599; size is 5. 25 x 3. 25 x 0. 75 inches; weight is 6. 7 ounces. Two AAA batteries power the unit for 2 -3 weeks. Connectivity via Palm for email and Internet access costs US$9. 99 for 50 KB transferred per month, or US$24. 99 for 150 KB. (Google images) 1999: The movie The Matrix is released, starring a big brother computer network that is controlling minds and the world. (Google images) 2001: Apple's i. Pod, a digital pocket sized music player is made available. (Google images) ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

Brief timeline of computers … 2002: Crichton authors the book "Prey: A Novel" about a swarms of nanocomputers (the size of molecules) organizing to become new life forms, a work which speculates on and explains the merger of computer, nano, and bio technologies, artificial life, and emergent behavior. (Google images) 2003: First nanocomputer-DNA device designed to play tic-tac-toe and called MAYA; research is underway to make nanocomputing possible through developing quantum replacements for the idea of the transistor (see 1947). 2004: Sony and IBM begin production of cell computer chips, a supercomputer on a chip designed to also be part of teams of chips Other dates being sought ◦ First collections of inexpensive personal computers used to make a supercomputer: cluster or array computing. ◦ First all-in-one wireless handheld and first smart-phone. ◦ First consumer satellite digital access products, for radio and for Internet use. 2005 -06: the end of the digital divide is near; Nicholas Negroponte showed prototypes of a $100 laptop to conferences in the fall of 2005; Quantra Corporation won the bid to manufacture the device in January 2006. Mass production began, fall, 2007 with initial price near $200. First big order to Peru, 272, 000 computers. January, 2008, Birmingham, Alabama signed agreement to buy 15, 000 (Google images). 2008: IBM announced the Roadrunner computer, June, 2008, had reached 1 petaflop of computing speed (1, 000 trillion calculations per second). ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ. . . ﻫﻞ ﺳﻨﺼﺒﺢ ﻋﺒﻴﺪﺍ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ؟ ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

ﺷﻜﺮﺍ ﻟﺤﺴﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺎﻋﻜﻢ، ﻣﻊ ﺗﺤﻴﺎﺗﻨﺎ. . . ﺩ. ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ

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