ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻗﺴﺎﻃی ﺩﺭ کﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴیﻮﻥ ﻭیﻦ ﻭ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ

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ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻗﺴﺎﻃی ﺩﺭ کﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴیﻮﻥ ﻭیﻦ ﻭ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍیﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺩ : ﺟﻨﺎﺏ ﺩکﺘﺮ ﻓیﻀی ﺳیﻤﺎ ﺗﺮک – ﻓﺎﻃﻤﻪ ﺩﺍﻭﺩپﻮﺭ پﺎییﺰ 39

Introduction : This article provides special rules for instalment contracts. These rules set out when a seller or a buyer is entitled to declare the contract avoided with respect to a single instalment, future instalments, or the contract as a whole. 1 In accordance with article 26 a declaration of avoidance is effective only if the aggrieved party gives notice to the other party.

- ﺗﻌﺮیﻒ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻗﺴﺎﻃی : Installment contract )کﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴیﻮﻥ ﻭیﻦ(: ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻗﺴﺎﻃی ﺗﻌﺮیﻒ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. )ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍیﺮﺍﻥ ( : ﺗﻌﺮیﻔی ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧی ﺩیﺪﻩ ﻧﻤی ﺷﻮﺩ، ﺍﻣﺎ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﺪﺍﻧﺎﻥ ﺗﻌﺎﺭیﻔی ﺭﺍ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ کﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ. )ﻓﺮﻫﻨگ ﺣﻘﻮﻗی ﺑﻠک(: ﻫﺮ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻘی کﻪ ﻣﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ یﺎ پﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺯﻣﺎﻧی ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ) ﺟﻌﻔﺮی ﻟﻨگﺮﻭﺩی - ﺗﺮﻣیﻨﻮﻟﻮژی ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ( : ﻗﺴﻂ ﻗﺴﻤﺘی ﺍﺯ ﺩیﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ کﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﻣﻌیﻦ )ﻣﺴﺎﻭی یﺎ ﻧﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﻭی( ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍیﻦ یﺎ ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ﻣﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﻭ پﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﻣی ﺷﻮﺩ. )ﺩکﺘﺮ ﺟﻮیﺒﺎﺭی(: ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩی ﺟﺎﻣﻊ کﻪ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻗﺴﺎﻁ ، ﺑﻪ چﻨﺪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﺟﺰﺋی ﺗﺤﻠیﻞ ﻣی ﺷﻮﺩ.

• What constitutes an installment contract : • • An installment contract is one that provides for delivery of goods in separate lots. The goods do not have to be fungible, so that an installment contract may cover delivery of different kinds of goods in each installment (e. g. , men’s lambskin coats and women’s lambskin coats). One decision states that an installment contract need not determine the quantity of individual instalments under article 73 as precisely as partial deliveries under article 51.

• • • Several decisions have characterized separate contracts between parties that have an ongoing relationship as an instalment contract governed by article 739 or have concluded that the aggrieved party might act under either article 73 or another article, such as article 7110 or article 72. One decision also applies article 73 to separate yearly supply contracts for aluminium between the same parties. Another decision, however, distinguishes an instalment contract from a distribution or framework agreement: the latter may provide for non-sales matters such as exclusive representation in a geographical area or an agreement without any determinable quantity.

Installment contract ﺗﻤﺎیﺰ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻗﺴﺎﻃی ﻭ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﺗﺠﺰیﻪ پﺬیﺮ: ﺍیﻦ ﺩﻭ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﻧیﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺗﻬﺎیی ﺭﺍ ﻣیﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﺍی آﻨﺎﻥ ﺫکﺮ کﺮﺩ. ﺑﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩﻫﺎی ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﺑﺴیﻄی ، کﻪ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻃﺮﻓیﻦ ﺑﺎیﺪ یک ﺩﻓﻌﻪ ﻭ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺍﻣﺎ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ آﻦ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺠﺰیﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩی ﺟﺎﻣﻊ ﺍﺳﺖ کﻪ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻗﺴﺎﻁ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ آﻦ ، ﺑﻪ چﻨﺪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﺟﺰﺋی ﺗﻘﺴیﻢ ﻣی ﺷﻮﺩ. ﻧﻘﺾ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﻧﻘﺾ ﻓﻌﻠی ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺪﻟیﻞ ﺍیﻨکﻪ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﺟﺮﺍی ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺩﺭﺍیﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩﻫﺎ، ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻗﺴﺎﻁ آیﻨﺪﻩ کﻪ ﻫﻨﻮﺯﻣﻮﻋﺪ ﺍﺟﺮﺍی آﻨﻬﺎ ﻧﺮﺳیﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ، ﻧﻘﺾ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ پیﺶ ﺑیﻨی ﺍﺳﺖ. ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺠﺰیﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻗﺴﺎﻃی

Installment contract ﻨﺪ 1 ﻣﺎﺩﻩ 37 کﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴیﻮﻥ ﻭیﻦ : )یک ﻗﺴﻂ ( ﺩﺭﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﺗﺴﻠیﻢ کﺎﻻ ﺑﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻗﺴﺎﻁ ﺍگﺮﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﺴﻠیﻢ یک کﺎﻻ ﺑﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻗﺴﺎﻁ ﺍگﺮﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﻓیﻖ یک ﻃﺮﻑ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍیﻔﺎی ﻫﺮکﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻌﻬﺪﺍﺗﺶ ﺩﺭﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺮﻗﺴﻂ ﻣﺘﺮﺭﺍﺑﻂ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﺗﺴﻠیﻢ کﺎﻻ ﺑﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻗﺴﺎﻁ ،ﺍگﺮﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﻓیﻖ یک ﻃﺮﻑ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍیﻔﺎی ﻫﺮیک ﺍﺯ ﺗﻌﻬﺪﺍﺗﺶ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎﻫﺮ ﻗﺴﻂ ، ﻣﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻧﻘﺾ ﺍﺳﺎﺳی ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ آﻦ ﻗﺴﻂ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ، ﻃﺮﻑ ﺩیگﺮ ﻣی ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﻋﻼﻡ ﺍﺟﺘﻨﺎﺏ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ آﻦ ﻗﺴﻂ ﻧﻤﺎیﺪ. ﻩ ﺑﺎ آﻦ ﻗﺴﻂ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ، ﻃﺮﻑ ﺩیگﺮﻣی ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﻋﻼﻡ ﺍﺟﺘﻨﺎﺏ ﺍﺯﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﺩﺭﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ

Installment contract ﻬﺪ ﺩﺭﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺟﺮﺍی ﻫﺮﻗﺴﻂ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ یکی ﺍﺯﻃﺮﻓیﻦ ﻧﻘﺾ ﺍﺳﺎﺳی ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺧﺘیﺎﺭﺍﻋﻼﻡ ﻓﺴﺦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺯیﺎﻥ ﺩیﺪﻩ ﺩﺭﻣﻮﺭﺩ یک ﻗﺴﻂ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻘﺾ ﺍﺳﺎﺳی ﺭﺥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺩﺭﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﻧﻘﺾ ﺍﺳﺎﺳی ) ﻣﺎﺩﻩ 52 ک( : ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ آﻦ چﻨﺎﻥ ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺗی ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺩیگﺮ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮی کﻪ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻋﻤﺪﻩ ﺍی ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ آﻦ چﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﻘﺎﻕ ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ آﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻤﻮﺟﺐ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﺤﺮﻭﻡ ﻧﻤﺎیﺪ ، ﻣگﺮ ﺍیﻨکﻪ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻧﻘﺾ کﻨﻨﺪﻩ چﻨیﻦ ﻧﺘیﺠﻪ ﺍی ﺭﺍ پیﺶ ﺑیﻨی ﻧﻤی کﺮﺩﻩ ﻭیک ﻓﺮﺩ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻭﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺍﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍیﻂ ﻭ ﺍﻭﺿﺎﻉ ﻭﺍﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ چﻨیﻦ پیﺎﻣﺪ ﻭﻧﺘیﺠﻪ ﺍی ﺭﺍ ﻧﻤی ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺘﻪ پیﺶ ﺑیﻨی کﻨﺪ.

Installment contract ﻧﻘﺾ ﺍﺳﺎﺳی ﺩﺭﺗﻌﺮیﻒ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﺪﺍﻧﺎﻥ: ﻗﺎﺑﻞ پیﺶ ﺑیﻨی ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺭکﺎﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﻟﻄﻤﻪ ﺑﺰﻧﺪ. )ﺟﻮیﺒﺎﺭی (. - ﻧﻘﺾ ﻏیﺮﺍﺳﺎﺳی : ﻏیﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺬکﺮ ﺍیﺮﺍﻥ : ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻔکیک ﺑیﻦ ﻧﻘﺾ ﺍﺳﺎﺳی ﻭ ﻏیﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺳی ) ﻓﻘﻂ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﻏﺒﻦ، ﺗﺴﺎﻣﺢ ﻋﺮﻓی ﻣﻼک ﺍﺳﺖ. (

Installment contract ) ﻣﺎﺩﻩ 6 ک( ﺍﻣکﺎﻥ ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩﻥ یﺎ کﺎﺳﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻧﻘﺾ ﺍﺳﺎﺳی. ﻃﺮﻓیﻦ ﻣی ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺷﻤﻮﻝ ﺍیﻦ کﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴیﻮﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ یﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻋﺎیﺖ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ 21 ، آﺜﺎﺭ ﻫﺮیک ﺍﺯ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ آﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻐییﺮ یﺎ ﺍﺯ آﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﺪﻭﻝ ﻧﻤﺎیﻨﺪ. 2( ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻡ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪﻩ ﺣﻖ ﻓﺴﺦ یک ﻗﺴﻂ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﺩﺭﺍﺧﻄﺎﺭﻗﺒﻠی ﻣﺒﻨی ﺑﺮﻓﺴﺦ ﻗﺴﻂ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ )ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺧﻄﺎﺭ ﻗﺒﻠی ﺩﺭﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺟﺘﻨﺎﺏ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﺑﻤﻮﺟﺐ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ 62 ک ( 3( ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻋﻄﺎی ﻫیچ ﻓﺮﺻﺖ ﻭ ﺯﻣﺎﻧی ﺑﺮﺍی ﺗﻀﻤیﻦ ﺍﺟﺮﺍی ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﻗﺴﻂ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻧﺎﻗﺾ ﻗﺴﻄی ﺍﺯ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ

Avoidance as to a single instalment : The aggrieved party was found to be entitled to avoid as to an instalment in the following cases: . when the seller failed to deliver the promised goods; . when the seller conditioned delivery of an instalment on satisfaction of new demands. . where the goods of that specific instalment were found to be fundamentally defective. where the buyer failed to open a letter of credit for a specific instalment.

• . On the other hand, the aggrieved party was found not to be entitled to avoid as to an instalment: • . where the buyer delayed paying the price for the instalment. It was held that an agreement may not be terminated where the buyer had fully performed its obligations before the termination. • . A buyer was also not entitled to avoid the contract where the mistakes in delivery and invoicing were not regarded as a fundamental breach.

Installment contract • - ﺗﻐییﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻨﺪ 1 ﻣﺎﺩﻩ 37 )ﺍﺻﻞ 37 ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﺍﺯﺍﺻﻞ 57 ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﺤﺪﺍﻟﺸکﻞ ﺑیﻊ ﺑیﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠی ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺗﻐییﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ گﺮﻭﻩ ﺗﺤﻘیﻖ ﺩﺭﺳﺎﻝ 4791 ( • 1. ﺗﻐییﺮ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺡ » ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﻓیﻖ ﺩﺭﺍﺟﺮﺍﺀ « ) (Failure of Performance ﺑﻪ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺡ » ﻧﻘﺾ ﺍﺳﺎﺳی « ) (Fundamental Breach

Installment contract ﺑﻨﺪ 2 ﻣﺎﺩﻩ 37 کﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴیﻮﻥ ﻭیﻦ )ﺍﻗﺴﺎﻁ آﺘی ( ﺍگﺮﺩﺭ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﻓیﻖ یک ﻃﺮﻑ ﺩﺭﺍیﻔﺎی ﺗﻌﻬﺪﺍﺗﺶ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮیک ﺍﺯ ﺍﻗﺴﺎﻁ ، ﺯﻣیﻨﻪ ﻫﺎی ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒی ﺭﺍﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺩیگﺮﺑﺪﻫﺪکﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺒﺎﻁ ﻧﻤﺎیﺪ ﻧﻘﺾ ﺍﺳﺎﺳی ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﺩﺭﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻗﺴﺎﻁ آﺘی ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ گﺮﻓﺖ ﺍﻭ)ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﺧیﺮ( ﻣی ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ آیﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﻔﺴﻮﺥ ﺍﻋﻼﻡ ﻧﻤﺎیﺪ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺍیﻨکﻪ ﻇﺮﻑ ﻣﺪﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﺭﻓی ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﻪ چﻨیﻦ ﺍﻣﺮی ﻧﻤﺎیﺪ.

Installment contract ﻧﻘﺾ ﺍﺳﺎﺳی ﻭ ﺟﺪی ﺩﺭﻣﻮﺭﺩ یک ﺑﺨﺶ ﺍﺯﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﻣﻔﺴﻮﺥ ﺍﻋﻼﻡ کﺮﺩﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ آیﻨﺪﻩ. 1. ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻌیﺎﺭی ﺑﺮﺍی ﻃﺮﻑ ﺩیگﺮ ﻣﺒﻨی ﺑﺮ ﺍیﻨکﻪ ﻧﻘﺾ ﺍﻭﻟیﻪ ، ﺯﻣیﻨﻪ ﺍی ﺍیﺠﺎﺩ ﻣی کﻨﺪ کﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍیﻦ ﻧﺘیﺠﻪ ﺑﺮﺳﺪ کﻪ ﻧﻘﺾ ﺍﺳﺎﺳی ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﻗﺴﺎﻁ آیﻨﺪﻩ ﻫﻢ ﺭﺥ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺩ. 2. ﻃﺮﻑ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪﻩ ﺣﻖ ﻓﺴﺦ ﺑﺎیﺪ ﻇﺮﻑ ﻣﺪﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﺭﻓی ﺍﺯﺗﺎﺭیﺦ ﻧﻘﺾ یک ﻗﺴﻂ ﺍﺯﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺴﺦ ﺑﻌﺪی ﻧﻤﺎیﺪ ، ﻭﺍﻻ ﺣﻖ ﻓﺴﺦ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺩ. )ﺧﺮیﺪﺍﺭﺑﺮﺍی ﻧﻔﻮﺫ ﺍﺟﺘﻨﺎﺏ ﺍﺯﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﺑﺎیﺪﻇﺮﻑ 84 ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻣیﻦ ﺗﺎﺧیﺮﺩﺭﺍﺭﺳﺎﻝ ، ﺍﺟﺘﻨﺎﺑﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻉ ﻓﺮﻭﺷﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﺳﺎﻧﺪ. (

Avoidance of contract as to future instalments : An aggrieved buyer was found to have the right to avoid as to future instalments in the following cases: - Where the seller made no delivery despite accepting payment. - Where the seller failed to deliver first instalment; - Where the seller declared that he would not make further deliveries;

- where the seller refused to make further delivery of cherries because of a dramatic increase in the market price for cherries; - where seller’s late delivery of three instalments caused disruption of buyer’s production; -where the seller delivered poor quality goods; - where the buyer had good grounds to believe that the seller would be unable to deliver peppers that satisfied food safety regulations.

-Where a buyer accepts defective instalments, it does not lose the right to avoid the contract as a whole if the seller again delivers defective goods, constituting a fundamental breach; in the particular instance, the buyer expressly declared its intent to require conforming goods. - Where a buyer fails to open a letter of credit for a specific instalment, but clearly expresses its intentions to open future letters of credit, the seller was held not entitled to avoid the contract in respect of the future instalments.

Installment contract ﺗﻐییﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻨﺪ 2 ﻣﺎﺩﻩ 37 1. ﺗﻐییﺮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ » ﺑی ﺩﺭﻧگ « ) (Promptly ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ » ﻇﺮﻑ ﻣﺪﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﺭﻑ « ) (Within a Reasonable Time 2. ﺗﻐییﺮﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ » ﺩﻟیﻞ ﻣﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﺮﺍی ﺑیﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ « ) (Good reason for fear ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ » ﺯﻣیﻨﻪ ﻫﺎی ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ. . ﺑﺮﺍی ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺒﺎﻁ « ) (Good reason to conclude

In the following cases it was found that the seller had good grounds to avoid the contract: - where the buyer’s failure to open a letter of credit gave the seller good grounds to conclude that the buyer would not pay; - where the buyer continued to breach a contract term that prohibited the buyer from reselling the goods in specified markets; - where the buyer stated that it would not accept future deliveries within the contract period, although it was obliged to do so.

Installment contract ﺑﻨﺪ 3 ﻣﺎﺩﻩ 37 کﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴیﻮﻥ ﻭیﻦ )ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘگی کﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻗﺴﺎﻁ کﺎﻻ( ﺧﺮیﺪﺍﺭی کﻪ ﺍﻋﻼﻡ ﺍﺟﺘﻨﺎﺏ ﺍﺯﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﺩﺭﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎﻫﺮیک ﺍﺯﺍﻗﺴﺎﻁ ﺗﺴﻠیﻢ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻧﻤﺎیﺪ، ﻣی ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﺎچﻨیﻦ ﺍﻋﻼﻣی ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻗﺴﺎﻃی کﻪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺗﺴﻠیﻢ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ یﺎ ﺍﻗﺴﺎﻁ آﺘی ﻧیﺰﺍﻋﻼﻡ ﻓﺴﺦ ﻧﻤﺎیﺪ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺑﺮ ﺍیﻨکﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘگی ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻗﺴﺎﻁ کﺎﻻ ﺑﻪ یکﺪیگﺮﻧﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯکﺎﻻﻫﺎیی کﻪ ﺗﺴﻠیﻢ ﺷﺪﻩ یﺎ ﻣی ﺷﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺻﺪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩﻧﻈﺮ ﻃﺮﻓیﻦ کﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﻌﻘﺎﺩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻅ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ، ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ کﺮﺩ.

Installment contract 1( آیﺎ ﺍﻗﺴﺎﻁ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘگی ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ یﺎ ﺧیﺮ؟ کﺸﻒ ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﻣﻮﺭﺩﻧﻈﺮ ﻃﺮﻓیﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﻃﻼﻉ ﺧﺮیﺪﺍﺭﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻭﺷﻨﺪﻩ ﺩﺭﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﻌﻘﺎﺩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻫﺎی ﻣﺪﻧﻈﺮﺍﺯکﺎﻻی ﺧﺮیﺪﺍﺭی ﺷﺪﻩ 2( ﺍگﺮﺑﻪ ﺩﻟیﻞ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘگی ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ کﺎﻻﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ یکﺪیگﺮ، ﻣﺸﺘﺮی پﺲ ﺍﺯﺍﻋﻼﻡ ﻓﺴﺦ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ یکی ﺍﺯآﻨﻬﺎ ، ﺩیگﺮ ﻧﻔﻌی ﺩﺭ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ، ﻣی ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ کﻞ ﺑیﻊ ﺍﻋﻼﻡ ﻓﺴﺦ ﻧﻤﺎیﺪ.

Installment contract ﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭﺑﻨﺪ 3 ﻣﺎﺩﻩ 37 2. ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺴﺦ ﺑﺎﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻣیﻨﻪ ﻫﺎی ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘگی ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻗﺴﺎﻁ ، ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ”ﺍﻗﺴﺎﻁ ﺗﺴﻠیﻢ ﺷﺪﻩ یﺎ ﺍﻗﺴﺎﻁ آﺘی ” ﻫﻢ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ گﺮﺩﺩ. ) ﺍﻋﻼﻡ ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎﻥ ( ﺍﺻﻞ 37 ﺩﺭ کﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴیﻮﻥ ﻭیﻦ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﻭ ﺗﺮﻣیﻢ ﻧﺸﺪ

Installment contract - ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻗﺴﺎﻃی ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍیﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍیﺮﺍﻥ ، ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺻﺮیﺢ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺷﻨی ﺩﺭﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﻧﻘﺾ ﺍﺳﺎﺳی ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻗﺴﺎﻃی ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ، ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯﺑﻌﻀی ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﺪﻧی ﻣی ﺗﻮﺍﻧیﻢ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ آﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺒﺎﻁ کﻨیﻢ.

Installment contract – ﺑﺮﺭﺳی ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻗﺴﺎﻃی ﺩﺭ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﺪﻧی ﺩﺭﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﺪﻧی ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺍی کﻪ ﺷﺎیﺪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺻﻞ 37 کﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴیﻮﻥ ﺗﻄﺒیﻖ ﺩﺍﺩ ، ﻣﺎﺩﻩ 083 ﻕ. ﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ. » ﺍگﺮ ﻣﺸﺘﺮی ﻣﻔﻠﺲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭﻋیﻦ ﻣﺒیﻊ ﻧﺰﺩ ﺍﻭﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ، ﺑﺎیﻊ ﺣﻖ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ آﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺍگﺮﺗﺴﻠیﻢ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ، ﺑﺎیﻊ ﺣﻖ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﺯﺗﺴﻠیﻢ آﻦ ﺧﻮﺩﺩﺍﺭی کﻨﺪ. «

Installment contract ﺩﺭﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻓﻼﺱ ﻣﺸﺘﺮی ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎیﻊ ﺣﻖ ﻧﻘﺾ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ، چﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻗﺴﺎﻃی ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭچﻪ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ یکﺠﺎ ﻭکﺎﻣﻞ ، ﺑﺎیﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺣﻖ ﻧﻘﺾ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ : 1( ﺍگﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩی ﺑیﻦ ﺑﺎیﻊ ﻭ ﻣﺸﺘﺮی ﻣﻨﻌﻘﺪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﻣﺒیﻊ ﺗﺴﻠیﻢ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ، ﻣی ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺴﻠیﻢ آﻦ ﺍﻣﺘﻨﺎﻉ کﻨﺪ. ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﻁ آﻨکﻪ ﺍﻓﻼﺱ ﻣﺸﺘﺮی ﺩﺭﻣﺤکﻤﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺭﺳیﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. 2( ﺍگﺮ ﻣﺸﺘﺮی ﻣﻔﻠﺲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭﻋیﻦ ﻣﺒیﻊ ﻧﺰﺩ ﺍﻭ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ، ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ 083 ﻕ. ﻡ ﺑﺎیﻊ ﺣﻖ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ آﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ.

Installment contract - ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ 37 ﺑﺎ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ 15 کﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴیﻮﻥ ﺑﻨﺪ 1 -ﺩﺭﺻﻮﺭﺗی کﻪ ﻓﺮﻭﺷﻨﺪﻩ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻗﺴﻤﺘی ﺍﺯ کﺎﻻ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺴﻠیﻢ کﻨﺪ یﺎﻓﻘﻂ ﻗﺴﻤﺘی ﺍﺯکﺎﻻی ﺗﺴﻠیﻢ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ، ﺍﺻﻮﻝ 05 - 64 ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎﺑﺨﺸی کﻪ ﺗﺴﻠیﻢ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ یﺎﻃﺎﺑﻖ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﻧیﺴﺖ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣی گﺮﺩﺩ. ﺑﻨﺪ 2 - ﺧﺮیﺪﺍﺭﻓﻘﻂ ﺩﺭﺻﻮﺭﺗی ﻣی ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﺯﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﺟﺘﻨﺎﺏ کﻨﺪ کﻪ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﻓیﻖ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺴﻠیﻢ ﻫﻤﻪ کﺎﻻ یﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺴﻠیﻢ کﺎﻻی ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﺾ ﺍﺳﺎﺳی ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ گﺮﺩﺩ.

Installment contract ﻣﺎﺩﻩ 15 1. ﺍﻋﻄﺎی ﺣﻖ ﻓﺴﺦ ﻗﺴﻤﺘی ﺍﺯﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺮیﺪﺍﺭ 2. ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ 15 ﺑﺮﺍی ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩﻫﺎی ﺗﺤﻮیﻞ ﺍﻗﺴﺎﻃی ﻣﺎﺩﻩ 37 ﺍﻋﻄﺎی ﺣﻖ ﻓﺴﺦ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺮیﺪﺍﺭ ﻭﻓﺮﻭﺷﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎی ﺑﻨﺪ 3ﻣﺎﺩﻩ 37 ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ 37 ﺑﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩﻫﺎی ﺍﻗﺴﺎﻃی

Installment contract ﻣﺎﺩﻩ 15 ﻣﺎﺩﻩ 37 • 3. ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ 15ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺟﺘﻨﺎﺏ ﺧﺮیﺪﺍﺭ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﺴﻠیﻢ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ یﺎ ﻏیﺮ ﻣﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺑﺎ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ • - ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ 37 ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻘﺾ ﺍﺳﺎﺳی یک ﻗﺴﻂ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ- ﺍﻗﺴﺎﻁ آﺘی- ﺍﻗﺴﺎﻁ ﺑﺎ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘگی کﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻪ یکﺪیگﺮ • 4. ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ 15 ﺑﺎ ﺭﻋﺎیﺖ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ 05 -64 • - ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ 37 ﺩﺭﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﻘﺾ ﺍﺳﺎﺳی

Installment contract ﻣﺎﺩﻩ 27 1 ﺍگﺮ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺎﺭیﺦ ﺍﺟﺮﺍی ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ کﻪ یکی ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻓیﻦ ﻣﺮﺗکﺐ ﻧﻘﺾ ﺍﺳﺎﺳی ﻗﺮﺍﺩﺍﺩ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ، ﺷﺮﻑ ﺩیگﺮ ﻣیﺘﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺟﺘﻨﺎﺏ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻋﻼﻡ ﻧﻤﺎیﺪ. 2چﻨﺎﻧچﻪ ﻓﺮﺻﺖ ﺍﻗﺘﻀﺎﺀ کﻨﺪ ﻃﺮﻓی کﻪ ﻗﺼﺪ ﺍﺟﺘﻨﺎﺏ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺎیﺪ ﺍﺧﻄﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﺭﻓی ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺩیگﺮ ﺑﺪﻫﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺮﺍی ﺍﻭ ﺍیﻦ ﺍﻣکﺎﻥ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﺷﻮﺩ کﻪ ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺖ کﺎﻓی ﺑﺮﺍی ﺍﺟﺮﺍی ﺗﻌﻬﺪﺍﺗﺶ ﺗﺪﺍﺭک ﺑﺒیﻨﺪ. 3 ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ پﺎﺭگﺮﺍﻑ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﻗﻌی کﻪ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺩیگﺮ ﺍﻋﻼ کﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ کﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﻬﺪﺍﺕ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ کﺮﺩ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻧﻤیﺸﻮﺩ.

Installment contract ﻣﺎﺩﻩ 27 ﻣﺎﺩﻩ )2( 37 1. ﻓﺴﺦ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ • ﻓﺴﺦ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ آیﻨﺪﻩ 2. ﻭﺿﻮﺡ ﻧﻘﺾ ﺍﺳﺎﺳی ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ • ﺻﺮﻑ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺯﻣیﻨﻪ ﻫﺎی ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒی ﻣﺒﻨی ﺑﺮﻧﻘﺾ ﺍﺳﺎﺳی ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ 3. ﺍﺧﻄﺎﺭ ﻗﺒﻠی ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺒﻨی ﺑﺮ ﻓﺴﺦ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻬﻠﺖ ﺯﻣﺎﻧی ﻣﺘﻌﺎﺭﻑ • ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺗی ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ کﻪ ﺍﻋﻼﻡ ﻓﺴﺦ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻗﺐ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﺍﺧﻄﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺩیگﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ.

Installment contract ﻧﺘیﺠﻪ گیﺮی : ﺩﺭکﻞ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩﻫﺎ ﻣﺸﻤﻮﻝ کﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴیﻮﻥ ﺑیﻊ ﺑیﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠی ﺑﻪ ﺻﺮﻑ ﻧﻘﺾ یکی ﺍﺯ ﺗﻌﻬﺪﺍﺕ ،ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻓﺴﺦ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎﺭ ﻧﻤی ﺭﻭﺩ ﻣگﺮ ﺍیﻨکﻪ ﺍیﻦ ﻧﻘﺾ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﻌیﺎﺭﻫﺎی کﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴیﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺎﺳی ﺗﻠﻘی ﺷﻮﺩ. ﺩﺭﺻﻮﺭﺗی کﻪ ﻧﻘﺾ ﺍﺳﺎﺳی ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺣﻖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺒﻪ ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺕ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ.

Installment contract ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ : 1. ﺗﻔﺴیﺮی ﺑﺮﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺑیﻊ ﺑیﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠی کﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴیﻮﻥ ﻭیﻦ 0891 ، ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﻫیﺠﺪﻩ ﻧﻔﺮﺍﺯﻧﻮیﺴﻨﺪگﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮﺟﻬﺎﻥ ، ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺩکﺘﺮ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﺏ پﻮﺭ،ﻧﺸﺮ گﻨﺞ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ، ﺟﻠﺪ ﺳﻮﻡ ، چﺎپ ﺍﻭﻝ ، پﺎییﺰ 4731 2. ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺑیﻊ ﺑیﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠی ﺑﺎ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺗﻄﺒیﻘی ، ﺳیﺪﺣﺴیﻦ ﺻﻔﺎیی ﻭﺳﺎیﺮﻧﻮیﺴﻨﺪگﺎﻥ ، چﺎپ چﻬﺎﺭﻡ ، ﻧﺸﺮ ﺩﺍﻧﺸگﺎﻩ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ ،2931 3. ﻓﺴﺦ ﺟﺰﺋی یﺎ ﺗﺠﺰیﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﺩﺭ کﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴیﻮﻥ ﺑیﻊ ﺑیﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠی ﻭﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍیﺮﺍﻥ ، ﻣﺠﻞ ﺣﻘﻮﻗی ﺩﻓﺘﺮ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺣﻘﻮﻗی ﺑیﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭی ﺍﺳﻼﻣی ﺍیﺮﺍﻥ ، ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ 92 ، 2931 4. ﺑﺮﺭﺳی ﻧﻘﺾ ﺍﺳﺎﺳی ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩﺍﻗﺴﺎﻃی ﻭﺿﻤﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﺟﺮﺍی آﻦ ، ﻋﻠی ﺭﺿﺎﺣﺴﻨی ، ﻣﺎﻫﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﺭﺳی ، ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ 74، ﺳﺎﻝ 3831 5. • UNCITRAL Digest of Case Law on the United Nations Convention ) on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods ( 2012 Edition

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