ﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻤﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ Changing Approaches to Islamic Studies in American Universities Carl W. Ernst University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill
Outline ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ . 3 ; Academic units: 1. Orientalist; 2. area studies religious studies ﺍﻷﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻜﺎﺩﻳﻤﻴﺔ: )1( ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﺮﻗﻮﻥ؛ )2( ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ؛ )3( ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ • 4. National Research Organizations )4( ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ • 5. Post-Orientalist Islamic Studies ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﻘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﺮﻗﻴﻦ )5( • 6. Role of American Muslim Scholars & Political )6( ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻷﺴﺎﺗﺬﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﻤﺮﻳﻜﻴﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ Problems • 7. New Forms of Islamic Studies )7( ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ • 2
Academic Units ﺍﻷﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻜﺎﺩﻳﻤﻴﺔ 1. Orientalist style / ﺃﺴﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﺮﻗﻴﻦ Departments of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations آﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺣﻀﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ ﺍﻷﺪﻧﻰ Found in ~20 older universities (Harvard, Yale, etc. ) ﺃﺴﺴﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ 02 ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ Loose collections of language faculty ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺴﺎﺗﺬﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ 3
Orientalist presuppositions ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺸﺮﺍﻕ “Mystic East” opposed to scientific West Racial theory and racism Language as the essence of culture ، ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺣﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺑﺈﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺟﻮﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ 4
Orientalism and Colonialism ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺸﺮﺍﻕ ﻭ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭ Edward Said’s book Orientalism (1978) Orientalist knowledge in the service of colonial power ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﺳﺘﺸﺮﺍﻕ ﻹ ﻹﺩﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺳﻌﻴﺪ ﻣﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﺮﻗﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ 5
Orientalism and essentialism ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺸﺮﺍﻕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻫﺮﻳﺔ Objectification or reification of religion (making it into a “thing”) Religion as essence without history Understanding religion from texts alone ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ” ﺑﺈﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ “ﺷﻴﺊ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻛﺠﻮﻫﺮ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺮﻳﺦ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﻭﺣﺪﻫﺎ 6
Academic Units ﺍﻷﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﺃﻜﺎﺩﻳﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ/ 2. Area studies 18 Centers of Middle East studies 81ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ ﺍﻷﻮﺳﻂ Supported by U. S. Department of Education: graduate language study fellowships ﻣﻨﺢ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺨﺼﺺ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﻤﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ Oriented to contemporary policy issues 7 ﻣﻮﺣﻬﺔ ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ
Note on terminology ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﺰﻟﻺﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎﺕ Middle East / ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ ﺍﻹﻭﺳﻂ A term introduced in 1902 by naval historian Alfred Mahan 2190 ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﺑﺘﻜﺮ ﻓﻲ A term of the CIA (OSS) in 1940 s, an example of cold War mentality ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻭﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﺑﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻤﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ 0491 ﻣﻨﻮﺫﺝ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩﺓ 8
Academic Units ﺍﻷﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﺃﻜﺎﺩﻳﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ 3. Religious Studies/ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ Over 1400 academic departments in colleges and universities ﺃﻜﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ 0041 ﻗﺴﻢ ﺃﻜﺎﺩﻳﻤﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎﺕ Originally only Bible and Protestant theology ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻤﺮ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺭﺍﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺬﻫﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﺴﺘﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻘﻂ 9
Decentralization in American Universities US Department of Education does not control curricula in universities State or public universities (in 50 states) and private universities are certified by regional accreditation boards Curriculum is determined largely by faculty Academic freedom from political and religious control is a strong value (American Association of University Professors) 10
Religious Studies in America ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻤﺮﻳﻜﺎ Normally found in private colleges and universities, and some public ones ﺃﻨﺸﺌﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ، ﻭﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ A response to religious pluralism, court decisions, and legal separation of church and state ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻓﺘﺎﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ 11
Religious Studies in America ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻤﺮﻳﻜﺎ Descriptive and analytical, not prescriptive or authoritative ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺑﻤﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺻﻔﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﺃﻮ ﺭﺳﻤﻴﺔ “Teaching about religion” in the university, and “Teaching religion” in different religious communities ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ، ﻭﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ 12
Religious Studies in America ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻤﺮﻳﻜﺎ Expanded in 1960 s to include Judaism, Catholicism, and eastern religions ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻉ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﻀﻢ ﺍﻟﻴﻬﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮﻟﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻷﺪﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ Islamic studies found in only 15% of Religious Studies departments آﻨﺸﺌﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ 51% ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ 31
Religious Studies in America ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻤﺮﻳﻜﺎ 17 out of 34 Ph. D programs in religious studies offer Islamic studies specialization 71 ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ 43 ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺠ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭﺍﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺗﺨﺼﺺ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ Professional goal is teaching and research in college and university departments of religion ﻭﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ: ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺲ ﻭ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻘﺴﺎﻡ 14
4. National Research Organizations ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ The Middle East Studies Association (MESA) http: //fp. arizona. edu/mesassoc/ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ ﺍﻷﻮﺳﻂ 2600 members, 60 institutions, 39 affiliated societies, journal, annual conference ﻭﺗﻀﻢ 0062 ﻋﻀﻮ ﻭ 06 ﻣﺆﺴﺴﺔ ، ﻭ 93 ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺔ ، ﻭﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﻭﻣﺆﺘﻤﺮ ﺳﻨﻮﻱ 15
National Research Organizations ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ The American Academy of Religion (AAR) http: //www. aarweb. org/ ﺍﻷﻜﺎﺩﻳﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ 8000 members, journal, annual conference; 100+ papers/yr 0008 ﻋﻀﻮ ﻭﻣﺠﻠﺔ، ﻭﻣﺆﺘﻤﺮ ﺳﻨﻮﻱ Study of Islam Section, Islamic Mysticism Group ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ، ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻑ، ﻭﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮآﻦ 16
National Research Organizations ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ The Council of American Overseas Research Centers (CAORC) http: //www. caorc. org/ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻷﻤﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ American Overseas Research Centers foster international scholarly exchange, primarily through sponsorship of fellowship programs which allow pre-doctoral and senior scholars to pursue independent research important to the increase of knowledge and to our understanding of foreign cultures. 17
Countries hosting Overseas Research Centers ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻴﻔﺔ ﻟﻤﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Senegal Tunisia Italy Greece Egypt 6. Turkey 7. Cyprus 8. Israel 9. Jordan 10. Yemen 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Iran* Pakistan India Bangladesh Sri Lanka New centers: Cambodia, Mexico, West Bank Developing centers: Afghanistan, Iraq, Mongolia 18
National Research Organizations ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ International Research and Exchange Commission (IREX), for research in former Soviet countries (Central Asia, Caucasus) Fulbright Program for International Educational Exchange (scholarships for study, teaching, and research around the world) 19
5. Post-Orientalist Islamic Studies ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﺮﺍﻕ Recent history of Muslims and non. Muslims ﺗﺄﺮﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ Stereotypes and negative images in colonial context ﺻﻮﺭ ﻧﻤﻄﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺻﻮﺭ ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ Media representation of Islam ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ 20
Post-Orientalist Islamic Studies ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﺮﺍﻕ Feminist and gender studies ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺴﻴﺔ Ethnography and anthropology ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﺮﻭﺑﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ Fundamentalist, Salafi, and Wahhabi movements ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺼﻮﻟﻴﺔ، ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻫﺎﺑﻴﺔ Jihadist movements ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺩﻳﺔ 12
Post-Orientalist Islamic Studies ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﺮﺍﻕ Islam in Europe and the U. S. ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻮﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ Ending opposition between “the West” and Islam (there is no “Muslim world”) (where is “the West”? ) ﺍﻧﻬﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻐﺮﺏ ﻭ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ” - ﻟﻢ ﻳﻌﺪ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ “ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﺇﺳﻼﻣﻲ - ﺃﻮ ﺃﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺏ؟ 22
Post-Orientalist Islamic Studies ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﺮﺍﻕ Comparative study with other religious traditions ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺪﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺨﺮﻯ Regional and cross-regional studies ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﻘﺎﻟﻴﻢ Literary theory ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺪﺑﻴﺔ 23
6. Role of American Muslim Scholars ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻷﺴﺎﺗﺬﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﻤﺮﻳﻜﻴﻴﻦ Progressive Muslims: On Justice, Gender, and Pluralism, ed. Omid Safi (One. World, 2003) ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻣﻴﻮﻥ: ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻨﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﺩﻳﺔ، ﺃﻌﻤﺪﻩ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺮ ﻭ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺃﻤﻴﺪ ﺻﻔﻲ 24
Role of American Muslim Scholars ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻷﺴﺎﺗﺬﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﻤﺮﻳﻜﻴﻴﻦ Ethical standards regarding the actions of both Muslims and non-Muslims ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﺍﻷﺨﻼﻗﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺼﺮﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ Avoiding fanaticism ﺗﺠﻨﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺼﺐ Seeking justice for all ﻃﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻴﻊ 25
Political Problems ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ Problems of Islamophobia after 9/11/2001 ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﺑﻌﺪ 11 ﺳﺒﺘﻤﺒﺮ Attacks on Islam by extremist Christians ﻧﻘﺪ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﺮ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻄﻓﻴﻦ Controversy over assignment of Approaching the Qur’an at University of North Carolina in summer 2002 ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻑ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺲ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻗﺘﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﻻ ﻣﻦﻓﻬﻢﺍﻟﻘﺮآﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻛﺎﺭﻭﻟﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ 2002 ﻓﻲ ﺻﻴﻒ 26
Political Problems ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ International attention to UNC controversy (BBC Arabic ) news ﺍﻹﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻛﺎﺭﻭﻟﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ) (BBC 72
Political Problems ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ Anti-Islamic private “think tanks” Middle East Forum: attack on Middle East Studies centers as “disciples of Edward Said”; attempt to legislate political control of centers of Middle East studies Campus Watch (requests students to inform on professors who express views that are anti-Israel or otherwise unpatriotic) (http: //www. campus-watch. org) Jihad Watch (http: //www. jihadwatch. org) 28
Sources of Political Problems ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ Neoconservative American nationalists Christian extremists, including Christian Zionists Apocalyptic belief in state of Israel as part of Biblical prophecy “Left Behind” novels sold 50 million copies Other Zionist organizations (American. Israeli Political Action Committee, AIPAC) Note: Opposition from anti-Zionist Jews 29
Current Situation ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ Positive: increase of interest in Islam, Arabic, and related subjects, among students and the general public ﺍﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ: ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ، ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭ Negative: Intensified Islamophobia and feelings against Muslims ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻲ: ﺗﻜﺜﻴﻒ ﻣﺸﺎﻋﺮ ﺍﻟﺨﻮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻋﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ 30
7. New Forms of Islamic Studies ﺃﺸﻜﺎﻝ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ understanding rather than polemic or conversion ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺃﻮ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﻢ Need for communication and exchange between Americans and scholars in other countries ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺗﺬﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﻭﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺗﺬﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺮﻳﻜﻴﻴﻦ ﻭﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﺨﺮﻯ 31
7. New Forms of Islamic Studies ﺃﺸﻜﺎﻝ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ “Islamic Civilization and Muslim Networks Series” at UNC Press 32
Rethinking Islamic Studies: From Orientalism to Cosmopolitanism New publication, edited by Carl Ernst and Richard Martin (University of South Carolina Press, 2010), featuring work of both established and younger scholars on the new paradigm for Islamic studies. 33
New Forms of Islamic Studies ﺃﺸﻜﺎﻝ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ University of North Carolina and Duke University program http: //www. unc. edu/depts/rel_stud/ http: //www. duke. edu/religion/ http: //www. unc. edu/~cernst/applicants. html International partnerships ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ 34
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