高级英语写作 Advanced English Writing 主讲教师 : 鲁晓霞 1
Argumentation • An argumentative essay tries to make the reader agree with a viewpoint and support it, to persuade him to change his mind or behavior, to approve a policy or a course of action that it proposes. • The purpose of argumentation is to convince. • Speeches on polices, editorials of newspapers, articles on political or theoretical questions, and various proposals are often argumentative.
Requirements for argumentative essay: • 1. A debatable point(Form argumentation thesis) It can’t be a. Mere statements of facts b. Statements of personal preference. c. Viewpoint that are generally accepted or can be easily verified 3
Study the following thesis carefully to see which can be used as a debatable point. • Chinese doctors also use acupuncture anesthesia to perform certain operations. • Acupuncture anesthesia should be replaced conventional anesthesia in all operations. • The number of private cars is on the rise in our country.
• Private cars should not be encouraged. • Shakespeare is my favorite author. • Shakespeare is the greatest British writer of the 17 th century. • Noise pollution is harmful to people’s health. • Noise pollution is the most harmful of all environmental pollution. 5
2. Sufficient evidence include: Common knowledge. Specific examples. Hard not soft evidence, or facts, not opinions, unless the opinions are expert and authoritative. Statistics. Questions from authoritative.
3. Good logic There are generally two ways of reasoning: **Inductive reasoning----starting with facts and proceeding from facts to general conclusion or from specific examples to a general statement ** Deductive reasoning----moves from a general statement to a specific facts ** Model of syllogism---three –part argument in which there are two statements, known as the major premise and the minor premise, and a conclusion. E. g. A. All human beings make mistakes. B. X is a human being. C. Therefore, X makes mistakes. 7
4. Clear logic A typical argumentative essay consists of three parts: • Introduction which identifies the issue to be discussed and explains the importance of such a discussion. • A body which presents the evidence. • A conclusion in which the proposition, if it is stated at the beginning, is reaffirmed. 8
• The evidence should be arranged • a. from the least to the most important; • b. from the most familiar to the least familiar; • c. from the easiest to accept or comprehend to the most difficult. 9
• 5. An honest and friendly attitude. 10
Write an argumentative essay on the following topic. We Should Complain About Bad Service. • Yon should write four paragraphs: 1)an introduction to the topic 2)arguments FOR 3)arguments AGAINST 4)conclusion (your own opinion) 11
Here are some points that you can use in your essay, but you are free to use your own ideas • For • ● Raise the awareness of the service providers. • ● Help the enterprise improve the quality of the service. • ● Help change a company's bad reputation • ● Improve the image of the society. •
• Against • ● Time-consuming to complain. • ● Walk away and avoid the trouble. • ● One person's complaint won't make much difference. 13
We Should Complain About Bad Service The service sector is a very important economic activity in China. Services include hotels, restaurants, schools, stores, etc. When we pay for a service, they should satisfy our needs. When we do not receive what we expect, we should complain about it.
• When bad service is given and no one complains, the enterprise will keep giving the same bad service. We will let them know what they are doing wrong and we will give them the chance to improve. Consequently, they will take actions to satisfy not only you who complained, but also the rest of the clients who did not dare or bother to complain and had the same need as you. 15
Another benefit of complaining is that the bad concept that people had about certain enterprises with bad service will change. The enterprises' reputation will improve and they will start offering service with quality thanks to previous complaints. 16
If we are paying for a service, we do not need to endure bad moods or receive something we are not looking for. We must complain. This way, we will give people the opportunity to change and have the chance to get better service in the future. 17
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